Puritan Literature (authors and their works) Flashcard

Puritan Literature (authors and their works)

A private life essays

A private life essays Ran Chens A Private Life, is a monologue written in autobiographical format that reflects on the coming of womanhood in its female heroine from the time period of the mid 1970s to the mid-1990s. The novel explores the main characters individuality of existence, her desires and sexual ideologies, and the problems in her inner life that caused her disconnections to the outside world. A Private Life is a reflection of a new womans image in post-modern China. It observes a womans emotional confusion of the female body, sexuality, and provocative fantasies. Ran Chens novel is a distinction of a womans self-realization journey that allows her to ultimately seek freedom of emotions and sensibilities through her madness and sanity. Throughout the novel, the main character, Ni Niuniu constantly withdraws herself from her surroundings and her environment and buries herself into her inner, private spectrum. Ni Niuniu struggles with the grasp of the reality of the outside world, the changes with her body and her maturation of womanhood, and the identification of gender roles in her life. One of the most important conflicts that Ni Niuniu experiences is the threat of male embodiments that annihilates her individual identity through her father. Ni Niuniu and her family suffer from the estrangement of her father. Her father was a tyrannical image in Niunius life. Of course, whether you were talking about authority, physical dominance, or economic power, he was unquestionably number one in our family. But seeing how my father suppressed or restrained his attitude toward Sophia Loren led me, after I had grown up to see another reason for his dominance: his aggressiveness, his despotic ways, and his power were freely g iven to him by Mother, Nanny, and me. We handed him the power to oppress us through our gentleness and submissiveness. The more tolerant and obedient we were, the more violent and dictato...

Communicating total rewards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communicating total rewards - Essay Example This paper will develop compensation and benefit for a compensation package for production firm. The package to be developed will be for the operations manager’s position. It is necessary note that this is one of the most critical positions in any organization. This is because the office holder is involved in both management and implementation activities of the organization. Operational manager’s position is sensitive position hence the need to give it much consideration. Due to this, the compensation and benefit package for this position must include key elements like allowances to help the office holder manager other social issues. A well developed compensation and benefits package for the position of operational manager in any production firm must take into account the fact that the position is involving. This implies that the office holder will be forced to for go certain social elements such as family time which must well covered by the package (Cotterman, 2010). Although some of the social and personal sacrifices the holder of this position will be making are beyond any monetary tag, a good package should make the office holder feel appreciated to steer real motivation. Every item listed in this package touches on the office holder’s well being or motivation towards accurate delivery. The basic salary in this situation is the starting point of any package. However, it is very important to take note of the fact that basic salary is developed or decided based officer holder’s skills and experience plus the job description. This implies that the basic salary must be reasonable on the basis of job description. Employers or the people concerned with the development of this packages must ensure the officer holder doest receive much and does little according to the job description and vice versa. Basic salary setting or development should always be accurate. This is due

Patrimony controversy of the Treasure of Troy Research Paper

Patrimony controversy of the Treasure of Troy - Research Paper Example Heinrich’s ease with which he learned different languages enabled him to land a good job in an import export firm. It was there that he acquired a small fortune that enabled him to start on his dream of finding the city of Troy where he believed; he would get Priam’s treasure (Krystek). However, according to many archeologists Heinrich was not considered that much of an archeologist and they claimed that it was due to luck that he even acquired the treasures. Heinrich started his excavations in 1871 using â€Å"The lliad† as a map to guide him in Hissarlick. He however had to sign an agreement with the Turkish government promising to give them a percentage of the treasures. In 1873 Heinrich found treasure there that included golden earrings, necklaces, pots of silver, gold and other items such as gold diadems believed to have been worn by queens and princesses. He also found the mask of Agamemnon in Mycenae, in Greece. Most of this treasure was believed to be own ed by King Priam who ruled Troy. He, however, left Turkey with the treasure without giving the government anything and was later sued and was fined $5000, which he gladly paid ten times over since he needed to dig for more treasures (Krystek). The whole troy treasure controversy, which dates as early as 1880, was brought about by Heinrich himself, who first discovered it in troy then smuggled it to Greece. Later during his old age he decided, he needed a permanent home for the Treasure of Troy and donated it to a museum in Berlin, Germany where it stayed till 1945 (Meyer). It was then lost in the Second World Wa

May Make You Lose Control by Anne Joosten Assignment

May Make You Lose Control by Anne Joosten - Assignment Example Self-control requires resources. Repeated use of these resources depletes them leading to a state known as ego depletion. Decision-making is a major cause of ego depletion, implying that leaders, who have many decisions to make every day, are prone to self-control failure. However, the article argues that moral identity is one factor that can limit ego depletion; it is the illustration of moral values. The article explains that the study involved measurements of moral identity and unethical leader behavior. The research investigated the prevalence of deviant behaviors among leaders at work. The hypothesis was that depletion of self-regulation would lead to unethical behaviors, particularly among the leaders with low moral identity. Testing of the hypothesis involved two studies with study 1 using a validated depletion task in a controlled laboratory setting to allow drawing of conclusions. Study 2 is a cross-sectional multisource study, relied on the leader’s personal rating of their depletion and moral identity and its purpose was to allow generalization of the findings to the setting of an organization where leaders function meaningfully on daily basis. Study 1 involved seventy-eight undergraduate students from a Dutch university. They included 41 males and 37 females. Assigning of the two experimental conditions of self-regulatory depletion or no depletion was random. The article explains that study 1 involved two stages with participants responding to a bogus leadership ability questionnaire and moral identity measure through the internet for stage 1. Stage 2, a regulatory depletion task, took place in a laboratory, 24 hours after stage 1. Completion of the regulatory depletion task took two phases. In the first phase, the participants completed a task under the no depletion condition while in the second phase; they completed tasks under two different conditions; no depletion and high depletion.

Marshall’s Theory of Citizenship

ï » ¿Marshall’s Theory of Citizenship Marshall’s theory of citizenship and its relevance in Britain in 2017 Introduction Marshall’s citizenship theory is concerned with social rights, education, and voting. Marshall’s theory on citizenship is compatible with Britain in 2017 due to the fact that schools are influenced by ideological, economic, and cultural forces, and citizenship considers the way in which education functions in class formation, struggle, capital accumulation, and the legitimation of the privileges of dominant groups (Apple, 2017:4). In fact, there is no doubt that schools are institutions of economic and cultural reproduction (Apple, 2017). Similarly, Marshall (2009:149) opines that the institutions most closely connected to citizenship and civilisation are the educational system and the social services. Citizenship has also raised questions on the sense of social solidarity and integration in any given community (Turner, 1990). Thus, citizenship, and every idealised version of it, holds relevance today. Marshall’s theory in particular, has relevance in 2017 due to the fact that there are several distinct forms of citizenship, and each can be understood by taking Marshall’s vision of citizenship as a whole, rather than a sum of parts. Turner (1997) notes that society is faced with two contradictory principles: scarcity and social solidarity. Scarcity results in exclusionary events such as gender divisions, social classes, and status groups, whilst social solidarity requires cohesive community structures, regardless of one’s social standing (Turner, 1997). Gender divisions are the one area that Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails to consider. In addition to the above characteristics of Marshall’s theory, Marshall’s theory on citizenship considered legal rights as the first form of citizenship (Turner, 1997). In the 19th century, political rights and their institutionalisation in parliament was Marshall’s second notion of citizenship (Turner, 1997). Next, Marshall believed that citizenship was related to social rights, and that those social rights were institutionalised in the welfare state (Turner, 1997). When considering these three forms of rights, Marshall argued that citizenship mitigates the inequalities created by capitalism (Turner, 1997:11). Marshall referred to modern industrialist capitalist societies as ‘hyphenated societies,’ due to the fact that such societies have some degree of democratic redistribution of wealth through the institution of citizenship. Marshall’s theory on citizenship relies on post-war societies and their relationships between social class, welfare, and citizenship (Turner, 1997). At the heart of Marshall’s theory on citizenship is identity. For instance, contemporary Britain has faced anxiety in granting unconditional comprehensive citizenship to Hong Kong nationals (Turner, 1997). Turner (1997:7) describes this concept as ‘social closure’ in which citizenship is determined on an inclusion/exclusion basis, in an attempt to exclude ‘outsiders’ and drive out diversity. The idea of social closure is still a pervasive concept in 2017, as evidenced by â€Å"Brexit.† Openness to diversity and difference is an essential component of a liberal democracy (Turner, 1997), yet the sentiment of some UK citizens is in conflict with the idea of diversity. Brexit and immigration are discussed later in the essay. Critique of Marshall’s Theory Marshall’s theory of citizenship has been criticised for being Anglocentric and evolutionist (Mann, 1987). Mann (1987) suggests that emphasis should be placed on understanding ruling class interactions and anciens rà ©gimes rather than rising bourgeois and proletarian classes, which has been the status quo in previous political studies (Mann, 1987). Other critics discount Marshall’s concept of citizenship due to the fact that his theories were developed in the mid 70’s (Bulmer & Rees, 1996) and the post-World War II political dynamic is much different than it is today. While this may be the case, it does not negate the fact that Marshall’s lived experiences as a prisoner in Germany and as a social worker, provides a knowledge and culture that can only be subsumed from such experiences. Such experiences can be triangulated to the adversity that many UK citizens feel today; it is not an overseas war that many in the UK are fighting- it is an internal war at which the will of the underclass of Britain and Britain’s diminishing middle-class is threatened. It is arguable that Marshall’s theory on citizenship will always have relevance, whether it is in the year 2017, 2060, or later. For instance, in 1978, some scholars pointed out that the concept of citizenship had gone â€Å"out of fashion† amongst political thinkers (Kymlicka & Norman, 1994). Yet, 15 years later, citizenship has become a â€Å"buzz word† in political discourse (Kymlicka & Norman, 1994). Considered even minimally, it is arguable that Marshall’s theory is relevant in a cyclical nature. During certain points in time, it could be more relevant than in other time periods, although the concept itself is always relevant. Marshall has considered the entitlements of economic structure and capitalist society (Turner & Hamilton, 1990: 199), and these concepts will always be a constant. Social Class & Welfare Reform Social class, like citizenship, is a system of inequality (Marshall, 2009). Thus, Marshall’s theory on citizenship takes account of the impact of citizenship on social class (Marshall, 2009). In fact, Marshall (1950) notes that citizenship and social class are in conflict. The paragraphs below discuss social class and welfare reform. Social welfare reform has been a central part of Britain’s political agenda since Margaret Thatcher’s policies of the conservative government (McLaughlin, 2000). Thatcher’s social welfare reforms included less governmental intervention and less social assistance so as to allow citizens to be more active in their social and economic standing. Thatcher’s policies also known as ‘Thatcherism’ encouraged greater citizen freedom and free market (McLaughlin, 2000). The idea of a free market is in line with Marshall’s view on citizenship. Following Thatcher’s policies, the Labour government reinvented social welfare after their 1997 win (McLaughlin, 2000). Given the stark contrast between the Conservative government’s policies and the Labour Party’s policies, it is arguable that Marshall’s understanding of citizenship is very much relevant to today’s Britain. Marshall’s hypothesis rested on an economic calculation that the cost of providing education for all would increase a country’s productivity (Marshall, 1950: 6). Although Marshall’s hypothesis was calculated at a time in which physical labour was heavily utilised, affordable access to education is a concept that many in Britain worry about (Yuan & Powell, 2013). While Liberals and the Labour Party push for more social services such as education bursaries and grants for lower income families, Conservatives hold the view that education should not be a part of the social welfare system (Counts, 1978). Thus, this is the very notion of citizenship in which minimal access to education further widens inequality and inequality is inversely correlated with citizenship. Inequality is inversely correlated with citizenship due to the fact that the higher the inequality that exists, the lower the [participation] of citizenship, due to the fact that individuals faced with economic hardship are less likely to vote (Rosenstone, 1982). Arguably, the higher the citizenship, the lower the inequality of citizenship. Prior to the Labour’s win in 1997, the Labour Party stated that welfare reform would be one its major campaign promises that it kept (Powell, 2000). The Labour’s rhetoric was said to be a new and distinctive method that differed from both the old left and the new right (Powell, 2000). At the heart of the party’s campaign, however, was the need for social change and reform. Marshall’s concept of citizenship is relevant to that period and today’s period due to the fact that social reform is still a heavily debated concept in 2017. Another element that points to the relevance of Marshall’s theory on citizenship is welfare fraud. Welfare fraud is a hot-button topic for many political campaigns, despite its occurrence on a small scale. The British public believes that 27% of the UK’s welfare budget is lost to fraud (Trade Unions Congress, 2013) while the government’s records of funding lost to welfare fraud is 0.7% (TUC, 2013). And according to a poll conducted by the Trades Union Congress (TUC), Ministers should not assume that voters will continue to support Ministers’ plans to cap welfare benefit rises. The TUC’s research further notes that voters who are least able to provide accurate results on benefits are most likely to back the government’s plan to cut benefits (TUC, 2013). The poll results paint a bleak picture on citizen perception on unemployment. For instance, the TUC poll shows that once citizens learn that the benefits cap will hit workers in low paid jobs the most, support moves away from the government (TUC, 2013). The poll also demonstrated that 61% of individuals polled believed that 41% of the entire welfare budget goes to unemployed people, while the true figure is 3% (TUC, 2013). Overall, the results of the poll demonstrate that misconceptions on poverty and unemployment are what fuel misleading news stories and sensationalised campaign points. This is relevant to Marshall’s notion of citizenship because people need to understand the real causes and issues plaguing social welfare and unemployment: welfare fraud is not one of them. By remaining uninformed, an electorate may very well vote against their better interests, and in turn, this foster inequality. Marshall (1950) suggested that it was the state’s social responsibility to help the working class and poor to utilise their political and civil rights, and this can only be accomplished with an informed voter base. This is especially true due to the fact that cuts in social security programs have disproportionately affected women (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004). Cuts to these programs have affected single mothers in particular (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004). Shelley and Gavigan (2004) make a critical point when they note that public discourse and social images on welfare fraud erroneously link poverty and welfare to crime. Brexit & Immigration Prior to Brexit, many political analysts suggested that the determining factor on attitudes for leaving or staying in Britain was immigration, while others suggested that the determining factor was the advantage versus the disadvantage of EU membership (McKee & Galsworthy, 2016). Although ‘Brexit’ took place in 2016, the effects of the vote are apparent in 2017. Tied to Brexit is immigration. As immigration is a global concern, minority groups and liberal assimilationist concepts of citizenship have dominated political discourse. The same can be said for Britain’s immigration â€Å"problem.† The public vote to leave the EU brought about issues of citizenship and ‘otherness’ (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). In fact, a poll conducted by the British Election Study (BES) demonstrated that anti-immigration rhetoric shaped public support for Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). For instance, increases in the rate of immigration in the UK were key predictors of the vote for Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). It is not surprising that Britain has taken issue with immigration for several years. Journalists and reporters have seen increased attacks on EU migrants and minorities in record number, and it appears that this problem has only increased subsequent to Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). Further to the violence and anti-immigrant sentiment, the anger and xenophobia against immigrants are expected to become more intense (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). In considering the other side of the argument, Marshall’s theory may not be as relevant to the year 2017 due to the fact that Marshall’s theory focused on the exercise of political power and voter turnout for Brexit was low (Goodwin & Heath, 2016). Marshall noted that citizens exercise participation of political power by voting, and if citizens do not exercise this right, they cannot be said to be involved in the political process. Arguably, a lack of participation points to apathy or ‘hopelessness.’ Marshall argued that citizenship â€Å"is a status bestowed on all those who are full members of a community.† (Marshall, 1950:28). Such members carry out their responsibilities by voting and completing civic obligations. On the other hand, Banks’ (2008) theory on citizenship which is still evident in today’s society is similar to Marshall’s notion of citizenship as Banks rejects assimilation, arguing that citizenship should reflect diverse cultures and languages. Further, diverse groups rights can aid individuals in attaining structural equality. Education Reform Education reform has been a hot button issue for the past 20 years (Torres, 1998). Education reform and citizenship are interrelated concepts due to the fact that citizens exercise their rights to vote on education. Education is not only a human right, but it is a concept that is at the forefront of the electorate. While some authors note that the discussion of schools in the UK remain marginal to the policy process or they are heard minimally through teaching unions (Bowe, Ball, & Gold, 2017), the consensus is that educational reform is an important campaigning point, and this is acknowledged by political pundits. Another reason why education reform and citizenship are linked is because the social division of labour and educational systems are connected. This is in line with Marshall’s theory on citizenship due to the fact that discussions on educational reform have centred around schools and their ability to reduce the division of labour and lessen existing inequality (Apple, 2017). The UK’s Housing Crisis The current housing crisis in the UK is another issue that is related to citizenship, due to the fact that it is a social phenomenon that the electorate holds a stake in. The housing crisis also exacerbates inequality, and inequality is a fundamental precept of citizenship, as noted by Marshall. The housing crisis in the UK is a problem that began after World War II (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Post-war planning legislation was instated in order to ensure that there was adequate supply of housing land, but much of the legislation failed to account to for Britain’s growing population (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Since the passing of such legislation, there has been a widening gap between housing demand and supply in the UK, leading to the housing crisis (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). The question of whether Marshall’s theory on citizenship pertains to today’s housing crisis in the UK, rests on government intervention. While Marshall was largely against state intervention in some respects, Marshall supported the state using its power for education and basic assistance (Marshall, 1950). Proponents of improved and affordable housing conditions suggest that the government should vigorously be involved in the planning process and provide adequate housing provisions for low-income households (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). While Conservatives believe that the private market should be able to balance development and the interests of the UK citizens, Liberals believe that state intervention will provide equitable and socially beneficial forms of housing for those that are most in need (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Gurran and Whitehead (2011) argue that state intervention is the only solution that will ease the housing crisis due to the fact that less land will be available for activities that generate negative externalities, resulting in higher housing prices, whilst more land will be available for uses that include greater social benefit. Stone (2006) also notes that affordable housing is a social issue that must take account of current incomes in the UK. Affordable housing can mean subsidised housing and liveable housing conditions (Stone, 2006). Thus, Marshall’s theory would include support for affordable housing, given the inequalities that exist in the housing shortage. Feminism As feminism has gained steam in the last 20 years, so has the quest for equality (Brooks, 1997). Postmodern feminism and citizenship moves beyond the mainly white, male, middle-class perspective that much of history has been based on. Further, the absence of gender causes problems for understanding citizenship (Walby, 1994). Walby (1994) argues that discussions on citizenship must consider the ways in which gender can be integrated into citizenship (Walby, 1994). Thus, citizenship must consider a dynamic theory of gender relations and political citizenship that destabilises patriarchy and restores equal citizenship (Walby, 1994). Some scholars note that Marshall’s theory of citizenship is not applicable today based on Marshall’s linear view on citizenship. These scholars argue that Marshall’s perspective on citizenship is that of a white, heterosexual male, and that it does not take account of minorities, women, lesbians, or homosexuals (Turner, 2009). Lister (2003) notes that active citizenship can be accomplished by questioning deeply entrenched dichotomies and understanding the more coercive forms of active citizenship which are dominated by political agendas. The other way that active citizenship can be accomplished is by refusing to accept unfounded definitions and constructions of â€Å"insiders† and â€Å"outsiders† in relation to individual rights on citizenship, and this requires a deep regard for gender equality. Postmodernist feminist also allows issues of child care, education, and work-life balance to be considered as a matter of both genders, despite those issues being considered as ‘female’ issues. Lister (2003) has allowed poor gendered versions of citizenship to be questioned, which is what Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails to do. Conclusion While Marshall’s theory on citizenship focused mainly on the free market, Marshall also considered with the inequalities that came with citizenship. On this end, Marshall’s theory is still applicable to Britain in the year 2017, due to the fact that inequalities linked to citizenship still exist in Britain. The housing crisis has also demonstrated the applicability of Marshall’s theory. Brexit has demonstrated that there is anti-immigrant sentiment, despite the fact that the selling point for joining the EU was the free movement of people and goods. The one area that Marshall’s theory on citizenship may not apply to, is feminism. In regards to gender and inequality, the negative historical treatment of poor women on welfare have clouted public discourse (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004) on the real social welfare issues. The criminalisation of poverty in Britain raises theoretical questions on the regulation and control of Britain’s welfare state. Thus, Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails on this particular point due to the fact that Marshall’s perspective considers that of the white male, while largely ignoring women and their struggle and position as second-class citizens. As citizenship has re-emerged as an issue which is central to political concerns regarding healthcare, education, and social security (Turner, 1990), it must also consider the fight for equality and feminism- otherwise, citizenship is not truly considered in its totality. Bibliography Apple, M.W. 2017. Cultural and Economic Reproduction in Education: Essays on Class, Ideology, and the State (London: Routledge). Banks, J.A.2008. Diversity, Group Identity, and Citizenship Education in a Global Age. Educational Researcher, 37(3), 129-139. Bowe, R., Ball, S.J., Gold, A. 2017. Reforming Education and Changing Schools: Case Studies in Policy Sociology (UK: Routledge). Brooks, A. 1997. Postfeminisms: Feminism, Cultural Theory and Cultural Forms (NY: Routledge). Bulmer, M., & Rees, A.M.1996. Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T.H. Marshall. (London: Routledge). Chunn, E.D., & Gavigan, S.A.M. 2004. Welfare Law, Welfare Fraud, and the Moral Regulation of the ‘Never Deserving’ Poor. Social & Legal Studies, 13(2), 219-243. Counts, G.S. 1978. Dare the School Build a New Social Order? (London: Southern Illinois University Press). Faulks, K. 1998. Citizenship in Modern Britain (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). Trades Union Congress. 2013. Support for benefit cuts dependent on ignorance, TUC-commissioned poll finds. [Accessed: 5 May 2017]. Available from: https://www.tuc.org.uk/social-issues/child-poverty/welfare-and-benefits/tax-credits/support-benefit-cuts-dependent Goodwin, M., & Heath, O. 2016. The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result. The Political Quarterly, 87(3). Goodwin, M., & Milazzo, C. 2017. Taking Back Control?: Investigating the role of Immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit. British Journal of Politics and International Relations. Gurran, N., & Whitehead, C. 2011. Planning and Affordable Housing in Australia and the UK: A Comparative Perspective. Housing Studies, 26(7-8). Jones, H., Gunaratnam, Y., Bhattacharyya, G., Davies, W., Dhaliwal, S., Forkert, K., Jackson, E., & Saltus, R. 2017. Immigration Controversies and Performative Politics. (UK: Oxford University Press). Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. 1994. Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory. An International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 104(2). Lister, R. 2003. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. 2nd Edition, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Mann, M. 1987. Ruling Class Strategies and Citizenship. Sociology, 21(3). Marshall, T.H. 2005. Developing the Global Gaze in Citizenship Education: Exploring the Perspectives of Global Education NGO Workers in England. International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(2), 76-91. Marshall, T.H. 2009. Inequality and Society, edited by Jeff Manza and Michael Sauder (NY: W.W. Norton and Co.) McKee, M., & Galsworthy, M.J. 2016. Brexit: A Confused Concept that threatens Public Health. Journal of Public Health, 38(1), 3-5. McLaughlin, E. 2000. New Managerialism, New Welfare? Eds. John Clarke, Sharon Gewirtz. (London: Sage). Powell, M. 2000. New Labour and the third way in the British welfare state: a new distinctive approach? Critical Social Policy, 20(1) Rosenstone, S.J. 1982. Economic Adversity and Voter Turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 26(1), 25-46. Stone, M.E. 2006. What is Housing Affordability? The Case for the Residual Income Approach. Housing Policy Debate, 17(1), 151-184. Torres, C.A. 1998. Democracy, Education, and Multiculturalism: Dilemmas of Citizenship in a Global World. Comparative Education Review, 42(4), 421-447. Turner, B.S. 1990. Outline of a Theory of Citizenship. Sociology, 24(2). Turner, B.S., & Hamilton, P. 1990. Citizenship: Critical Concepts, Volume 1. (London Routledge). Turner, B.S. 1997. Citizenship Studies: A General Theory. Citizenship Studies, 1(1). 5-18. Turner, B.S. 2009. T.H. Marshall, social rights and English national identity. Citizenship Studies, 13(1), 65-73. Walby, S. 1994. Is Citizenship Gendered? Sociology, 28(2), 379-395. Yuan, L., & Powell, S. 2013. MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education, A White Paper. (UK: Centre for Educational Technology & Interoperability Standards).

SWAT analysis for Victoria Station Restaurants Essay -- essays researc

Victoria Station Strengths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concept uniqueness- Concept based restaurants’ rely on dà ©cor and novelty themes, which are appealing enough to the customers to draw in business. For example: Hard Rock Cafà ©, Applebee’s, Rolling Rock Cafà ©, or Outback Steakhouse. The Victoria Station utilized the English depot paraphernalia to support the theme; gas lights, a red English telephone booth, and a London taxi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quality control- The beef was cut to specifications, used controlled- portion fillets/top sirloin butts, and a computerized checking system to verify that unapproved vendors would be brought to management’s attention should any items be purchased off of the approved purveyor list. Appearance, food preparation and service, beverage, atmosphere, equipment, safety, and inventory control were set in detail with complete job descriptions for all managers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial control –detailed reports and daily inventories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No advertising or paid promotion- they were successful in the beginning with just relying on word of mouth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promotions- one of the more profitable promo was the rib promotion. Weaknesses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over expansion- Victoria Station went against it’s own policy bases on building in areas with population of 1million or more. Even with expansion with the hopes of creating more volume, Victoria Station was still unable to cover the fixed-cost percentages. They had roughly 100 restaurants in more than 50 markets. ()   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inflexible concept design- The boxcar, compared to traditional restaurants created high occupancy costs due to its expensive building and the maintenance. It also hindered the liquidation of assets to cover debts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Limited menu- Did not leave any allowances for customer change, dietary developments, or market swings for beef industry. Poor reaction skills- When V.S. sales started to lessen their reaction was to raise prices which ended up going against the original concept of prime rib at a good price.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identity crisis- When change was necessary they ended up only to created confusion for their market segment; is it casual, family, fine dining, steak/burger, etc.. Opportunities   Ã‚  Ã‚  &n... ... the mercy of the beef industry and their prices and a at the same time not relaying the prices to the customers, who’s tastes are changing as well. But overall, no these problems correspond with the initiation of this chain. 4) To save Victoria Station Restaurants, they should have either stuck to their business plan or at the point of decline in the life cycle, just cut their losses and start completely fresh, including the building. Otherwise, I would have moved away from concept- type marketing to a value based marketing system on service, quality, and cost. Bibliography 1) Lewis C. Robert. Cases in Hospitality Marketing & Management. John Wiley & Sons. New York. 1997. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin, Richard. â€Å"Victoria Station Seeks Survival Options† Nation’s Restaurant News. Sept 10, 1984. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kochak, White Jacque. â€Å"Running out of Lives.† Restaurant business. July 20, 1987 v86 p104 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strenk, Tom. â€Å"Bets on Bonkers† Restaurant Business. October 10, 1984 v83 p176 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bernstein, Charles. â€Å"The Classic lesson: success breeds failure.† Nation’s Restaurant News. June 16, 1986

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors in the Workplace Employees within an organization can either contribute positively or negatively towards their employing organization’s overall success and effectiveness. The organizations that ream the most productive behaviors from their employees typically incorporate motivational and leadership activities that encourage these behaviors (Jex & Britt, 2008). This paper will define counterproductive and productive behaviors and describe the impact those behaviors have on job performance and the overall performance of an organization.Counterproductive Behaviors Logic says that employees should want to do well in their jobs. But despite this logic, some employees do not. For various reasons employees will sometimes perform counterproductively towards their employer’s overall goals. Examples of these types of behaviors are ineffective job performance, frequent absence from work, unsafe behavior, turnover, theft, violence, substan ce abuse, and sexual harassment (Jex & Britt, 2008). These types of behaviors can result in high costs for organizations.Detecting Counterproductive Behavior The best way employers can detect counterproductive behavior among employees is to perform routine performance appraisals. There are several methods for performing appraisals, including electronic, production data, and subjective appraisals. Each of these systems has pros and cons to it, and are only marginally effective (Jex & Britt, 2008). The truly best way to detect counterproductive behavior is to interact with employees and monitor their job satisfaction. What Causes Counterproductive Behavior?An employee who does not perform well in his or her job may do so for reasons like lack of ability, interruptions from other employees, or poor task design (Jex & Britt, 2008). As well, poor job performance may result from elements in the organizational climate that provoke poor attitude, or, much less often, because of deep psychia tric problems (Jex & Britt, 2008). Once an employer detects a counterproductive behavior among his or her workforce he or she must try to pinpoint the cause of the behavior. One way of doing this is through the attribution process, in which the mployee’s supervisor would evaluate an employee’s current performance against his or her past performance, his or her performance on specific tasks versus his or her overall performance, and his or her performance compared to other employees. By doing this the supervisor can try to determine the cause of the ineffective behavior and whether it is being caused by internal (lack of ability or motivation, poor attitude, or psychiatric issues) or external (coworkers, poor task design, or lack of tools) factors (Jex & Britt, 2008). Responding to Counterproductive BehaviorOnce a behavior is detected and the cause of the behavior is analyzed, employers must decide how to respond to the behavior. The best first response is to have the e mployee’s manger discuss the counterproductive behavior with the employee in question (Jex & Britt, 2008) and determine whether the behavior can be corrected in order for the employee to retain his or her position. Once the discussion takes place the manager and employee can decide whether further training or coaching would encourage improved behavior or whether an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) would be beneficial (Jex & Britt, 2008).Of course, organizations would be best off to prevent counterproductive behaviors from occurring at all. This can be done by going to the effort and expense of hiring the right employees, possibly by utilizing the tools of selection programs to analyze potential employees skills and personalities. As well, employers should nurture their employees’ skills and abilities to encourage productive job performance. Finally, they should also offer employees frequent feedback and measurement of their performance to help keep them on track with respect to organizational expectations (Jex & Britt, 2008).Productive Behaviors Despite the fact that some employees do not contribute positively to the organizations they work for, most employees try to perform their jobs to the best of their abilities and even go above and beyond their required duties at times. Examples of productive behaviors include positive job performance, organizational citizenship, creativity, and innovation (Jex & Britt, 2008). Assessing Productive Behaviors Organizational psychologists use various models to assess job performance.These models evaluate in-role (technical aspects of a given job) and extra-role (skills that transcend the specific content of a job such as communication skills and being a team player) performance by employees (Jex & Britt, 2008). These assessments allow managers to recognize productive employees and encourage and motivate them to continue in their efforts. Predictors of Productive Behaviors There are several methods that organi zations can use when recruiting employees to predict whether candidates will contribute positively to their organization.These include general cognitive ability, level of job experience, and the personality trait of conscientiousness (Jex & Britt, 2008). By evaluating these predictors, organizations can save themselves time and money by hiring the right people who will contribute to organizational goals without excess coaching, training, or need for reprimand. The Affects of Counterproductive and Productive Behaviors Clearly an organization will be affected by the employees that support it. Employees that contribute positively will help the organization move towards its goals, and, if innovation and creativity are present, possibly even surpass their goals.On the other hand, employees who work counterproductively within an organization, will cost management time and may require additional effort to be spent on reputation management, recruitment, and training (Jex & Britt, 2008). Org anizations would be best served to recruit employees with the most potential to work productively by analyzing their job experience, personality, and cognitive ability before offering an individual a job.References Jex, S. M. , & Britt, T. W. (2008). . Organizational Psychology. A Scientist-Practitioner Approach, Second Edition. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/classroom/ic/classroom. aspx.

American History

American History 1. The 19th Century definition of liberalism in adopts the realms and principles of capitalism.The first core assumption of liberal theory in political aspects is that the fundamental actors in politics are members of domestic society, understood as individuals and privately constituted groups seeking to promote their independent interests. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In philosophical aspects, special conditions, limited competition, individual autonomy, and individual behavior are intertwined together to create a defined social order that seek for the promotion of individual welfare. The most basic tenet of liberal theory is that politics is mixed into the social context, which acts as an effective measure to curtail the powers of the government. In economic aspects, liberalism is a composition of individual who possesses different interests and identities that push them to form economic ties to further their social, political, and economic goals. While this theory is individualistic, its 19th century view is pluralist. 1a.The contributions of the work of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton to notions about natural law began with the theories of Copernicus to the modern scientific world-view. The theories of the these scientists changed the worldview from medieval explanation to proven scientific views. Copernicus in his Ptolemaic system explained gave an analysis of reason behind an appearance of reverse motions adopted by planets. The impact of the work of Copernicus on man’s conception of the universe and rational thought in scientific disciplines is firmly entrenched in notions about natural law. The development of the first Heliocentric theory of the universe and the Pythagorean system had profound revolutionary implications on man’s conception of the universe and natural law. Kepler focused on the application of p latonic solids to provide explanation on orbit spacing in planets.In his work, Kepler placed the sun at the center of the universe and provided a groundbreaking foundation through which future works in astrology were to draw inferences. This was the premise behind Kepler’s Law’s that had immense impact of natural laws and formed the basis of Newton’s law of gravity. The impact of Galileo’s work on the universe and natural laws was majorly on mechanics. His outstanding contribution in the classification of acceleration, velocity, and instantaneous motion widely influenced natural laws of science. Isaac Newton on the other built on the concepts of instantaneous motion but Galileo and others. However, his work on dispersion, nature of color, wave nature of lights greatly influenced the view of humankind on nature and significantly contributed to notions about natural law.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Building upon the work of Kepler on the position of the sun at the center of the solar system, Newton developed the law of gravitational pull. His discoveries on the movement of the speed in relation to that of the sun and the Inverse Square Law showed common basis and remained defining discoveries on natural laws. The importance of Newton’s work for eighteenth century philosophy revolves around their impacts on worldview. Newton’s laws of motion managed to achieve a shift from medieval explanations to proven scientific laws with common basis. 1b.The origin of the natural rights philosophy draws its origin form liberal political philosophy of John Locke. Constitutions of most democracies of the world draw their existence from this philosophy. Natural rights philosophy proposes that men are free, equal, and independent. The government has the moral duty to respect the rights of individuals. The â€Å"natural right s† played a key role in the development of American Constitution and form the key principle in which the constitution is based. The fall and disintegration of the French monarchy and its replacement with principles of equality, citizenship, nationalism, and inalienable rights draw roots from the philosophy of natural rights. The French revolution was more radical because of the existence of radical elements that exploited governments problems and weaknesses to seize power and changed system of governance. In French revolution, the radical elements were the Girondins. Furthermore, the fear of neighboring countries about the prospects of the revolution spreading added fuel to the already turbulent situation in France. This created more internal turmoil and gave the radical movements more resolve to seize power as observed in Jacobin’s case in France. The difference in characters of George Washington and Napoleon in their contribution to the different ends of the America n and French Revolutions revolve around the fact that whereas Napoleon spread the revolutionary ideals of liberalism and nationalism across Europe, he failed to live the spirit of liberalism and natural rights for all in France. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More George Washington on the other solved domestic challenges in America and ensured entrenchment of natural rights, thereby appealing to the American majority at the time. 1c.The legacy of the French revolution and the Napoleonic Empire had profound impact in the entire Europe. The ideas of revolution remain embedded in Europe’s law codes and spread to Europe’s colonies across the globe. The non-Europeans were later to use the revolution ideas of French revolution and the Napoleonic Empire to overthrow European’s colonial powers in the rest of the globe. In summary, the French revolution rema ins a powerful force in modern history. American History In 1787, stakeholders convened in Philadelphia to draft a new constitution. Key considerations entailed the need to review various provisions in the Articles of Confederation. However, the failure to reach a consensus promoted the abandonment of the Articles, and the onset of the drafting of a new constitution.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This new document required the approval of at least nine states before it could take effect within the United States. Although numerous controversies and disagreements faced the creation of the new constitution, its ratification by eleven states was a milestone in American history. The Virgin Plan promoted the establishment of a central form of government that would adopt a people-oriented approach. Madison’s proposal of three distinct elements of governance gave citizens control over the executive and judiciary . Conflicts between the Virgin Plan and propositions by representatives of small states led to the introduction of the New Jersey Plan. Small-states’ representatives viewed the proposal concerning the adoption of a general voting for representatives to the lower legislative, rather than the one-state-one-vote approach, as an unfavorable concept (Foner 258). The New Jersey Plan incorporated various aspects within the Articles of Confederation that promoted the adoption of a unicameral legislature in which the vote per state stipulation remained valid. While the Virgin Plan focused on the inclusion of the public in key aspects of national governance and policymaking, the New Jersey Plan presented recommendations that sought to provide some level of influence to states with low populations, and minimize the dominance by states with high populations in crucial aspects of governance. Although both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson sought the building of a people-oriented cou ntry, they differed in their views concerning appropriate approaches that would help America to achieve various objectives. While Hamilton promoted the need to restrict leadership roles to the affluent and educated individuals, Jefferson viewed the government as an entity that could guarantee optimal results through the reliance on the public as decision makers. Another consideration is Hamilton’s support for the establishment of a national government while Jefferson encouraged the inception of a state government. Hamilton and Jefferson differed on various aspects of the economy such as the necessity of a national debt, an agriculture driven versus urban and infrastructural boosted economy, and the distinction between the powers of state governments and the national government.Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thomas Jefferson’s views on appropriate gov ernance, as the creation of an entity, which would allow the public to participate in policymaking, highlights aspects similar to Madison’s assertion within the Virgin Plan. On the other hand, Hamilton’s propositions depict aspects of imbalanced governance in which the minority influence decisions that affect the whole population. This demonstrates that he would adopt the New Jersey Plan. The consensus among delegates on the need to promoted unity between states rather than focusing on aspects of equality led to minimal considerations on the issue of slavery. An analysis of the stipulations in the constitution illustrates aspects that strengthened the institution of slavery (Foner 259). The Fugitive Clause and the Three-Fifths Formula gave slave states significant levels of control over slaves. As a citizen of the new American Republic in 1790, I would have favored Madison’s views of a central government as it gives control to the public over crucial aspects of policymaking and leadership. I would have favored the Virgin plan because it clearly outlines the structuring of the government, roles of legislatures and the power bestowed upon the public. Foner, Eric. Give me liberty!: an American history. 3rd ed. New York: W W Norton Company Incorporated, 2012. Print.

Quotes and Jokes From Dumb and Dumber

Quotes and Jokes From 'Dumb and Dumber' For moviemakers, comedy is not an easy genre, yet the two leading characters in Dumb and Dumber make comedy seem like a cakewalk. They really know how to get under your skin with their inane behavior. Here are some Dumb and Dumber movie quotes that demonstrate the great comic timing of Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels. Lloyd Hey, look, the Monkees! They were a huge influence on the Beatles. Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the medical school? Im supposed to be giving a lecture in 20 minutes, and my drivers a bit lost. We got no food, no jobs... our pets heads are falling off! Thats what were gonna call it. I got worms! Were gonna specialize in selling worm farms. You know, like ant farms. Hey, I guess theyre right. Senior citizens, although slow and dangerous behind the wheel, can still serve a purpose. Ill be right back. Dont you go dying on me! Harry [after Lloyd trades the van in for a moped] Just when I thought you couldnt get any dumber, you go and do something like this... and totally redeem yourself! I cant believe we drove around all day, and theres not a single job in this town. There is nothing, nada, zip! What if he shot me in the face? According to the map, weve only gone 4 inches. Joe Mentalino Shut up! Now we dont even know who the hell they are! You dont kill people you dont know. Thats a rule.

State and federal law in the United States Essay

State and federal law in the United States - Essay Example Starbucks’ public image as a company committed to fair trade and labor practice is unequivocally false.   As Zielinski (1995) explains, Starbucks directly purchased approximately 40% of its coffee beans from Guatemalan coffee plantation.   This is especially significant because the labor conditions on these plantations borders on slavery.   Workers are paid 2 cents per pound of coffee while Starbucks sells it for $9.   In addition, these plantations do not abide by the minimum health or safety requirements and use child laborers.   At a time when large corporations are refusing to deal with these plantations, Starbucks not only relies on them for a significant percentage of its coffee but denies any responsibility for the continued exploitation of Guatemalan coffee laborers (Zielinski, 1995).Following the extremely negative press Starbucks received in the wake of the media’s exposition of its participation in exploitative labor, its company invested millions o f dollars in improving its public image.   As Irving (2006) points out, the Starbucks publicity machine presents an image of the company as one which is fundamentally committed to fair labor practices.   This is nothing but a myth, an empty slogan. The facts indicate that not only has Starbucks maintained its relationship with Guatemalan plantations whose workers are underpaid, denied health coverage and   a safe work environment but it further relies on off-shore prison labor for the packaging of its coffee.  ... As Irving (2006) points out, the Starbucks publicity machine presents an image of the company as one which is fundamentally committed to fair labor practices. This is nothing but a myth, an empty slogan. The facts indicate that not only has Starbucks maintained its relationship with Guatemalan plantations whose workers are underpaid, denied health coverage and a safe work environment but it further relies on off-shore prison labor for the packaging of its coffee and other products. Indeed, available facts and figures indicate that a minimum of 24.5% of the company's coffee is purchased from sources which practice exploitative labor and which often use child and prison labor as well (Irving, 2006). As far as Starbucks is concerned, the bottom line is not fair labor or ethical business practices but profit margins. Starbucks' relations with its on-site employees further evidence its failure to adhere to fair labor practices. Hayes (2004) explains that according to federal law, overtime is defined as anything which exceeds 40 hours, while several states define overtime as anything in excess of 9 hours per working day. The receipt of overtime pay, however, is conditioned where managers are concerned. Quite simply stated, managers are not paid overtime for work which falls within their immediate job description and constitutes part of their managerial responsibilities because the law assumes that they should complete their work on time (Hayes, 2004). In direct relation to Starbucks, the evidence shows that it is overworking its employees and that its managers do work overtime on tasks which do not constitute part of their job description. Yet, in direct violation of state and federal laws, Starbucks refuses to pay its employees

Famous German Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Famous German Women - Essay Example , she met her future husband Adam Selbert, who was chair of "Workers and Soldiers Council" in Niederzwehren near Kassel, who influenced her to involve herself in politics and she even joined Germany Social Democrat by 1918. Consequently, after the formation of Weimar Republic when women received right to vote and Selbert campaigned for women to involve themselves in politics. She also encouraged women to live up to their dreams and support their families as they have the ability to do so and had equal rights as men (Dunn, 1987). Moreover, she was instrumental in the fight for equal rights and is accredited to the inclusion of the sentence, â€Å"Men and women are equal before the law† in the German Basic law. In order to empower her political work, she joined baccalaureate as an external candidate where she studied law and political science at first at University of Marburg and shortly afterwards at the University of Gà ¶ttingen. In conclusion, she being a professional lawyer championed for equal rights and encouraged women to be ready to take up positions and responsibilities till her death on June 9, 1986. Dunn, John F. (Dec 13 1987). "Stamps; Recent Issues Honor Famous Personages." New York Times: A.110. Retrieved from