Campaign Finance Regulations - 1453 Words

Campaign finance regulations have the potential to stifle free speech and impede the election process created for fair and efficient elections. These laws, which limit political spending, serves to limit speech by restricting the average citizen’s ability to both receive and deliver political messages. Laws that restrict spending on political campaigns not only dampen freedoms of speech but but have a counter affect on our democratic society. Regardless of which political side of the fence you are on, these laws work more to extend the problem they purport to fix. Allowing more contributions simply permits more people to participate in the  ­system — thus diffusing influence, rather than concentrating it among the large corporations and unions. Campaign ­-finance reform, then, actually undermines the effort to  ­promote equal access to the political arena. This slippery slope started a long time ago, essentially at the founding of our republic. James Madison knew that men, by their nature, were not angels. Madison’s approach was rather than limit the â€Å"factions† that naturally exist in a free society, but rather to control their ill effects. â€Å"The society itself will be broken into so many parts, interests and classes of citizens that the rights of individuals, or of the minority, will be in little danger†. In other words, the idea was not to limit our many factions but to allow them to divide and limit the power of government itself so their many interests could notShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Debate Over Campaign Finance Regulations2085 Words   |  9 PagesNearly all assets to a candidate for political office, such a media advertisements, travel expenses and campaign supplies rely on fiscal support. In an age when electronic media rules supreme, money has never been more important. Today, it has bec ome necessary for political campaigns to pour massive amounts of funding into television, Internet, radio and print ads in order to run a competitive campaign. These ads are the most prominent form of communication between a candidate and the sovereigns, andRead MoreA Discussion Of Campaign Finance Regulation1466 Words   |  6 PagesIn his discussion of campaign finance regulation, Christiano argues that with cases of gatekeeper mechanism and opinion formation mechanism, campaign expenditures should be regulated to prevent â€Å"drowning out† of the opinions of nonaffluents. He proposes that certain regulations will actually help protect and promote freedom of expression, and suggests to limit expenditures and distribute vouchers during campaign periods. Using a prima facie equation, I will argue against the claim that Christiano’sRead MoreWe Must Not Allow Wealthy Donors to Control U.S. Politics Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagessecretary of labor for Clinton, demonst rated this through his book Aftershock the broke bargain of the economic crisis from 2008and possible solutions for it. In order to fix our economy and prevent future crises, we must have political reform in campaign finances, controlled lobbying and thorough background checks. Today the United States government properly defines itself as a representative regimen. We as the people of government have every right to select our representatives in congress. But mostRead MoreMedia Coverage on Presidential Candidates 1194 Words   |  5 Pages Both campaign contributions and media coverage has significant power to determine the success of a presidential candidate, and each of them seems to be interconnected with each other. The media has the power of fast deliverance of information, reproducing to an audience of mass quantity, and ability to distort the candidates’ authenticity. Though it largely relies on the campaign contribution that gets the attention of the media. However, it is the media that is more important in determining theRead MoreCorruption Is A Universal One1431 Words   |  6 Pagescorrupt politician (PUB RELEASED AUDITS ELECTION OTUCOME, 23-24). Another cause of corruption in Brazil’s municipalities is the desire and opportunity for personal enrichment. Generally, politicians seek to exploit this opportunity to either finance campaigns for election or to increase their personal wealth. In the case of campaigning of ensuring reelection, politicians will form exchanged based relations with other politicians as well as private firms to ensure they can garner the support and fundingRead More Buying Favor: Why Congress Depends on Funding From Special Interests2126 Words   |  9 PagesCongress has not accomplished much because of the institution’s dependency on large-scale campaign contributions; and these donors would rather there be little regulation or regulations supporting their specific industry. To support this hypothesis, Harvard University law professor Lawrence Lessig authored Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress–and a Plan to Stop It in 2011. The book details the effect of campaign fundin g by special interests and its effect on congressmembers and government policiesRead MorePro Quo Corruption : Political Institutions And Agencies1685 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult time to addressing campaign finance regulations; thus, exposing loopholes and flaws in the system. Some of these lawsuits have been brought to the courts to dispute campaign regulations on a basis of constitutionality, such as infringing on 1st and 14th Amendment rights. This unfortunately allows the Supreme Court and its jurisprudence to try and make decisions based on their own interpretations regarding campaign finance. The amount of money that is dumped into campaigns today is tremendous. TheRead MoreCampaign Finance Reform Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesCampaign Finance Reform Effective election campaigns have always relied on the candidates’ ability to raise money. Even in the days before television, radio and the internet, it still took money to get the word out to the people in a far-flung land. However, today’s candidates are faced with raising larger and larger amounts of money with each new election that comes along. Individuals are the primary source of campaign funding at the federal level, with political action committees runningRead MoreEssay on Campaign Finance Reform1003 Words   |  5 PagesCampaign Finance Reform The politics is a stage for many different characters of whom each is trying to convince their audience to give them the loudest cheer and the grand applause. Politicians who played the acts will do their best and sometimes will do everything to win the hearts of their audience and that means to win at all cost. Politics involves money for it is the way to make campaign possible that is why there are campaign managers and campaign funds to whoever will run for any officeRead MoreAmerica Is A Leading Political And Economic Superpower1562 Words   |  7 PagesStrict regulation on campaign contributions is necessary because they go against core principles of democracy including, encouraging abuse of power, decreasing political participation, and promoting an increase in political and financial inequality between the extremely rich and the rest of Americans. Big campaign donations promote corruption. This is known and yet nothing is done about these giant anti-democracy rulings. In 20 10 The Supreme court case Citizens United v. FEC ruled that campaign funding

Comparative Politics Terrorism Edition - 952 Words

Comparative Politics: Terrorism Edition Over the last couple of decades, terrorism has risen from near-obscurity to become a commonly held fear among members of society. Up until the late 90’s, incidents of terrorism never rose past 500. The numbers spiked the years following, reaching over 6,500 in 2006. (Mohamed, Roser) No longer can we dismiss acts of terrorism as irrelevant or isolated incidents. At first glance, terrorism seems irrational with motives too diverse to narrow down. For the sake of our lives and the safety of future generations, we must find ways to explain terrorism and discover ways we can stop its reign of terror in modern society. Answering these questions call for an examination and application of rationalist, culturalist, and structuralist approaches, as well as thorough investigation into a mixed design case study regarding the issue. A rational approach method can explain terrorism by identifying responsiveness to incentives, narrow self-interest, and rational expectations underlying the motivations of terrorists as individuals. We know that Mohammed, for instance, promises paradise to all who fall in â€Å"a holy war†. (Caplan) Once we identify what these cultures value and believe, we can begin to understand the rational thought process behind these acts of terror. The independent variable would be ‘the general degree of radicalism’ and the dependent would be ‘terrorism incidents’. Most terrorism attacks in the past decade have taken place in theShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing The Brexit ( Uk Leaving The Eu ) Using An Ir Theory Of Your Choice Essay1819 Words   |  8 Pagesstudy of international relations, this papers focus on the Brexit case will be narrowed down to focus on the influences of economic liberalism and interdependence, otherwise widely known as liberal institutionalism and the implications of non-state terrorism that informed the democratic ‘exit’ choice. In a nutshell, the building blocks of Liberalism rely on assumptions of interdependence, free trade, collective security and mutual interest between states not forgetting individual freedoms and rightsRead MoreDoc, Docx Pdf3690 Words   |  15 PagesACC306 Text Title Accounting Principles – 9th edition Accounting Principles – 9th edition Intermediate Accounting 14e Intermediate Accounting 14e Intermediate Accounting 14e Microcomputer Applications for Accounting Excel 2010 Microsoft ® Excel 2010: A Case Approach, Complete, 1st Edition, copyright 2011 SOUTH WESTERN FEDERAL TAXATION 2012: COMPREHENSIVE, 36th ed. South-Western Federal Taxation 2013: Corporations, Partnerships, Estates and Trusts, 36th Edition Cost Accounting 13th 09 ed. Advanced AccountingRead MoreNational Interest’ Is the Most Important Factor in the Formation of Any Foreign Policy. Evaluate This Claim.3864 Words   |  16 Pagesneighbours: essentially any goal that protects a state’s diplomatic interests. 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Religious Terrorism. ‘Religious terrorism assumes a superior facet, and unconstrained by the political, moral, or practical limitation that seem to affect other terrorists’. 31 The various extreme terrorist activities including suicide bombing throughout the last decades, andRead MoreAffirmative Action: Ethical or Purely Discrimination3117 Words   |  13 PagesAffirmative Action: Ethical or Purely Racial Discrimination? A comparative Analysis of how Malays are treated in Singapore and Malaysia â€Å"Affirmative action† means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded. Indeed if one were to see affirmative action in the light of John Rawls’ maximin approach to give the greatest benefit to the least advantaged in society, itRead MorePolitical News Medi An Important Component Of American Democracy Essay2077 Words   |  9 PagesPolitical News Media American politics includes a series of conflicts and compromises between the different components of government. The division between the Democrats and Republicans in Congress often reflect the public as each group champions their often controversial opinions with the hope they are enacted as laws. Trying to make sense of the American government and politics, therefore, includes a lot of in-depth analysis of the underlying issues and political ideologies of each group. News mediaRead MoreEssay about How Do We Achieve Victory in a Post-9/11 World?2258 Words   |  10 Pagesachievable objectives (i.e. small victories) that the public and opponent understand. Victory in war contains two variables battlefield success, and political success. Battlefield successes are straightforward, but because war is continuation of politics, the public has the last vote in whether or not a nation has a strategic victory. It is instructive to develop this idea of success further, by using the United States war against al Qaida as a reference point. Historically, the United StatesRead MoreStrategy of Mobile Phone Industry5915 Words   |  24 PagesThe strategy of the mobile phone industry: A comparative analysis of Apple, Sony, Xiaomi The strategy of the mobile phone industry - a comparative analysis of Apple, Sony, Xiaomi I Executive summary The paper sheds lights on the strategy of three mobile phone industry and that task is to perform comparative analysis on Apple, Sony and Xiaomi. The author has first started with the analysis of the macro-environment using strategic analytic tool called PESTLE. The author has usedRead MoreRole of Print Media in Conflict Resolution: a Comparative Study of Daily Dawn Jang Newspapers Regarding the Issue of Lal Masjid8489 Words   |  34 PagesRole Of Print Media In Conflict Resolution: A Comparative Study Of Daily Dawn Jang Newspapers Regarding The Issue Of Lal Masjid AEMEN KHALID Session: 2006 to 2008 Supervisor: Dr. Anjum Zia DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE 2008 ABSTRACT This research paper investigates â€Å" the role of Daily Dawn and Daily Jang with reference to conflict resolution in case of Lal Masjid†.The study applied a social sciences methodology using content analysis techniqueRead MoreRp-Us Visiting Forces Agreement12890 Words   |  52 PagesPhilippine Senate voted against U.S. wishes to close American military installations in 1992, bilateral security cooperation resumed following territorial disputes between the Philippines and China in 1994 and the launching of the Global War on Terrorism in 2002. After 2001, the Philippines received one of the most dramatic increases in U.S. foreign aid in Southeast Asia, largely for counterterrorism purposes, including not only military assistance but also health, education, and economic assistances

Retroactive a Single Work of Art, with Many Faces Free Essays

A Single Work of Art, With Many Faces By: Logan Dodge Few works of art are able to perfectly capture a period of time as thoroughly as Paul Reassurances does with his masterpiece titled, Retroactive. He was one of the first artist who wanted to take mass media into the art studio, and break down the barriers between art and things like advertising, newspapers, and television. Retroactive is a brilliant collage of iconic images from the early ass’s and it captured all of its political drama, scientific breakthrough, and the emotions that went along with that time period. We will write a custom essay sample on Retroactive: a Single Work of Art, with Many Faces or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a masterpiece, but it is a masterpiece that almost did not happen. In 1961, America led a failed invasion of the communist island of Cuba. This led to the Cuban missile crisis the following year and in 1963, a man sits in the back seat of a car with his wife. Both of them waving to the crowd gathered at the sides of the road. A few minutes later that very car would be racing away as the onlookers scattered in terror. The president had been shot and killed in Dallas, and an artist decides to abandon a painting he had been working on. The death of President Kennedy left people in awe. The great man who had prevented doomsday, and who had stood up to the communist was now dead. And for Reassurances, continuing his work felt wrong. Reassurances thankfully did not completely abandon the work and instead approached it with a new goal and from another angle. He began working on Retroactive again with the goal of memorizing a dead hero. For Reassurances, with his goal of breaking down boundaries between mass media and art, Kennedy would be the perfect subject. Kennedy had become an idol and a martyr for the American people to look up to. So he restarted his work on Retroactive, Throwing out the idea of t being completely a painting he restarted his work. Instead, â€Å"Robert Reassurances reintroduced recognizable imagery into contemporary art, and preferred employing popular mass media, such as newspapers, magazines and television, as his sources. Reassurances transferred these â€Å"found† media images to canvas, using commercially prepared bibliographic silk screens† (Headwords Athenian). img class="alignright wp-image-34551" src="https://donemyessay.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/92a1dfa8d764906c69c5cfcd48cc153d-identity-art-face-photo-200x300.jpg" alt="A Single Work of Art, With Many Faces" width="342" height="513" / Reassurance’s use of disconnected pop culture images and putting them into the work shows a use of the collage method of art. His use of objects that are historically important also shows the theme of capturing history, and the human experience. Kennedy, the space race, and the use of color all come together to become a work that captures the emotion of an important time in history. The work would be finished in 1964. In his work titled Retroactive, The most prominent and central figure is that of President Kennedy. His image is in large proportion compared to the others that take up the remainder of the work. He is the central image because image from one of Kennedy’s televised debates, showing him in a position of strength and confidence that defined his character as a leader. His hand is repeated in the OTTOMH left corner pointing as it is in the larger central picture of Kennedy, to show the authority of Kennedy, further reinforcing the character of the assassinated President. Kennedy is colored the cool color of blue to embody the sadness felt by the country after his assassination. Through the use of color to evoke emotion, and the central figure of Kennedy, Reassurances tries to make Kennedy into a metaphor for America, he tries to turn him into a symbol for what the great American is, and can be. Much of this painting can be interpreted in multiple ways. In Retroactive, There is a black cloud over Kennedy’s head. This with the red and enlarged image by Gluon Mil, that was originally published in Time Magazine†(Andrew Graham-Dixon). Represents the black cloud hanging over Kennedy’s head during and after his presidency in what is known now as The Cuban Missile Crisis. Red was the color that represented Communism around the world. The warm color of red is also used. It comes in contrast to the cool color of blue used to shade Kennedy’s central image. Red is the color of blood, and the memories of when the world came so close to spilling the blood of everyone who inhabits this planet must have surely haunted Kennedy in the mind of Reassurances. As I said with the double meanings of certain aspects of this painting, if one wants to see Kennedy as a representation of the great American citizen, the black cloud would be the sadness of the American people, the black cloud that would hang over this country for many years after the assassination of its beloved President. The imagery that this evokes is astoundingly vivid. Each generation has a great sadness that occurs. One that shocks, surprises, and devastates, the populace. Reassurances knows how much his death meant, and explores the emotions that the assassination led much of America to feel. In the top left hand corner there is an image of an astronaut, angelically hanging in space. His image represents the scientific advancements during the early ass’s by the United States. It also represents Kennedy’s ambitious goal of special exploration he announced to the American public in 1961. The astronaut could also represent an angel, hanging over the dead presidents head, or possibly the fact that it is above all the other images could possibly represent Reassurance’s personal belief that Kennedy’s triumph in his goal to explore space alongside the American people, will e what is most highly remembered after Kennedy’s death. The oranges might represent the state of Florida. Kennedy’s image between the oranges and the red picture in the bottom right corner of the work, further represents Kennedy’s invaluable intervention in the Cuban Missile Crisis. The image could also represent the fertility and freshness that President Kennedy brought to the country. For all of Reassurance’s use of symbolism through pop culture, and the double meanings he uses, I consider Retroactive a work of art. It uses themes of collage through the gathering and connecting unrelated images into a cohesive work. His use of pop culture images and icons, familiar with the American public and the rest of the world as well, allows me to say that this is also a form of pop art. The pictures also hold significant importance in a historical sense and he uses these images to show what important events took place around the time that the primary figure of this image, narrative and cultural story telling. Reassurances uses colors both warm and cool to convey emotions and he enables the viewer to draw their own conclusions to the meanings of each image in connection with the other ones in the work. How to cite Retroactive: a Single Work of Art, with Many Faces, Papers

Compare and contrast the economy of australia and japan free essay sample

In today society, in order to see and understand how the Australia’s economy develops and operates, economists often compare and contrast the Australian economy with other highly advanced industrialized economies around the world such as US, China, Korea, etc. In this essay, I will compare and contrast Australia and Japan’s economy to see how each system deal with specific issues such as economic growth, quality of life, employment and unemployment, distribution of income, environmental sustainability and the role of government. First of all, economic growth is generally thought of as the most significant single measurement of an economy’s performance. Economic growth is measured by the as the percentage increase in the value of goods and services an economy produces over a period of time, this also refers to the â€Å"Gross Domestic Product† GDP. The total GDP of Australia is 1. 52 trillion dollars in 2013, expanded 0. 80% in the fourth quarter of 2013 over the previous quarter. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the economy of australia and japan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whilst the total GDP of Japan is 4. 52 trillion dollars in 2013, expanded 0. 30% in the fourth quarter of 2013 over the previous quarter. From looking at the recent statistics in the year 2013, the economic growth of Japan is much more greater than Australia, the total GDP of Japan is four times greater than GDP of Australia, also Japan has a more sustainable growth, only 0. 30% increase from the previous quarter compared to Australia with 0. 80% increased from the previous quarter. In fact, Japan is the world’s third largest automobile manufacturing country, has the largest electronics goods industry and is ranked among the world’s most innovative country. Whilst Australia still primarily depends itself on the â€Å"mining boom†, resources and trade, however the recent statistics showed that the â€Å"mining boom† is significantly dropping and the falls of Quatas has caused Australia to face some serious problems. It is clear why Japan economy growth is stronger than Australia. Second of all, quality of life is the most elemental factor of every country and economy. Statistic showed that in Australia, the Human Development Index ( HDI ) is 0. 938, the life of expectancy is 91. 9 and the mean expected years of schooling is 12. 0. Similarly statistics also showed that, the HDI of Japan is 0. 912, the life expectancy is 83. 4 and the mean expected years of schooling is 11. 6. Because Japan and Australia are both developed countries and ranked top ten in the Asian economic region, members of the Group of 20, the quality of life in both countries are almost identical and worth living. Third of all, employment and unemployment is an issue that all economy is facing. The recent statistics showed that, in 2014 the unemployment rate in Australia increased to 6% in Jan 2014, historically the unemployment rate in Australia averaged 6. 93% from 1978 – 2014, the highest was 10. 90% in December of 1992 and lowest was 4% in February of 2008. Whereas unemployment rate in Japan remained unchanged at 3. 70% in Jan of 2014 from 3. 70 in December of 2013, historically unployment rate in Japan averaged 2. 70% from 1953-2014, the highest of all time was 5. 30 in july of 2009 and lowest was 1% in November of 2008. It is clearly that the unemployment rate in Australia is much more higher than Japan, almost twice bigger. Because Japan has the largest electronics goods industry and still in the process of industrialization compared to Astralia, the majority of people employed in services industries such as retail trade and real estate and industries like manufacturing and construction continue to provide a substantial number of jobs. Fourth of all, the distribution of income, it is very important how income is distributed within an economy. Statistics showed that the GINI index of Australia is 35 likewise the GINI index of Japan is 25. Both economies tend to have a relatively equal distribution of come, but Japan is slightly tend to have a more equal distribution of income than Australia. Both economies try balance income between those who has ownership of resources such as land, capital or enterprise and who doesn’t have access to these resources and has disability that they unable to contribute the economy market. Fifth of all, environmental sustainability has been an uncreasingly important part of modern economies. In Australia, persistent drought and resulting water restriction during the first decade of the twenty-first century are example of natural events caused climate change. Australia is in the top ten countries globally with respect to greenhouse gas emission per capita, also the major exported and consumer of coal. Australia is also the eight highest emitter of CO2 gasses per capita in the worl, 16. 5 tonnes per capita. As well as Japan, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its CO2 emission level by 6% less than the lvel in 1990 and to tale another step to comstraomt climate change. Japan is the fifth biggest emission emitter. Also Japan mains one third of its electric production from nuclear power plants. Treatment of radioactive waste also became a subject of discussion in Japan

Puritan Literature (authors and their works) Flashcard

Puritan Literature (authors and their works)

A private life essays

A private life essays Ran Chens A Private Life, is a monologue written in autobiographical format that reflects on the coming of womanhood in its female heroine from the time period of the mid 1970s to the mid-1990s. The novel explores the main characters individuality of existence, her desires and sexual ideologies, and the problems in her inner life that caused her disconnections to the outside world. A Private Life is a reflection of a new womans image in post-modern China. It observes a womans emotional confusion of the female body, sexuality, and provocative fantasies. Ran Chens novel is a distinction of a womans self-realization journey that allows her to ultimately seek freedom of emotions and sensibilities through her madness and sanity. Throughout the novel, the main character, Ni Niuniu constantly withdraws herself from her surroundings and her environment and buries herself into her inner, private spectrum. Ni Niuniu struggles with the grasp of the reality of the outside world, the changes with her body and her maturation of womanhood, and the identification of gender roles in her life. One of the most important conflicts that Ni Niuniu experiences is the threat of male embodiments that annihilates her individual identity through her father. Ni Niuniu and her family suffer from the estrangement of her father. Her father was a tyrannical image in Niunius life. Of course, whether you were talking about authority, physical dominance, or economic power, he was unquestionably number one in our family. But seeing how my father suppressed or restrained his attitude toward Sophia Loren led me, after I had grown up to see another reason for his dominance: his aggressiveness, his despotic ways, and his power were freely g iven to him by Mother, Nanny, and me. We handed him the power to oppress us through our gentleness and submissiveness. The more tolerant and obedient we were, the more violent and dictato...

Communicating total rewards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communicating total rewards - Essay Example This paper will develop compensation and benefit for a compensation package for production firm. The package to be developed will be for the operations manager’s position. It is necessary note that this is one of the most critical positions in any organization. This is because the office holder is involved in both management and implementation activities of the organization. Operational manager’s position is sensitive position hence the need to give it much consideration. Due to this, the compensation and benefit package for this position must include key elements like allowances to help the office holder manager other social issues. A well developed compensation and benefits package for the position of operational manager in any production firm must take into account the fact that the position is involving. This implies that the office holder will be forced to for go certain social elements such as family time which must well covered by the package (Cotterman, 2010). Although some of the social and personal sacrifices the holder of this position will be making are beyond any monetary tag, a good package should make the office holder feel appreciated to steer real motivation. Every item listed in this package touches on the office holder’s well being or motivation towards accurate delivery. The basic salary in this situation is the starting point of any package. However, it is very important to take note of the fact that basic salary is developed or decided based officer holder’s skills and experience plus the job description. This implies that the basic salary must be reasonable on the basis of job description. Employers or the people concerned with the development of this packages must ensure the officer holder doest receive much and does little according to the job description and vice versa. Basic salary setting or development should always be accurate. This is due

Patrimony controversy of the Treasure of Troy Research Paper

Patrimony controversy of the Treasure of Troy - Research Paper Example Heinrich’s ease with which he learned different languages enabled him to land a good job in an import export firm. It was there that he acquired a small fortune that enabled him to start on his dream of finding the city of Troy where he believed; he would get Priam’s treasure (Krystek). However, according to many archeologists Heinrich was not considered that much of an archeologist and they claimed that it was due to luck that he even acquired the treasures. Heinrich started his excavations in 1871 using â€Å"The lliad† as a map to guide him in Hissarlick. He however had to sign an agreement with the Turkish government promising to give them a percentage of the treasures. In 1873 Heinrich found treasure there that included golden earrings, necklaces, pots of silver, gold and other items such as gold diadems believed to have been worn by queens and princesses. He also found the mask of Agamemnon in Mycenae, in Greece. Most of this treasure was believed to be own ed by King Priam who ruled Troy. He, however, left Turkey with the treasure without giving the government anything and was later sued and was fined $5000, which he gladly paid ten times over since he needed to dig for more treasures (Krystek). The whole troy treasure controversy, which dates as early as 1880, was brought about by Heinrich himself, who first discovered it in troy then smuggled it to Greece. Later during his old age he decided, he needed a permanent home for the Treasure of Troy and donated it to a museum in Berlin, Germany where it stayed till 1945 (Meyer). It was then lost in the Second World Wa

May Make You Lose Control by Anne Joosten Assignment

May Make You Lose Control by Anne Joosten - Assignment Example Self-control requires resources. Repeated use of these resources depletes them leading to a state known as ego depletion. Decision-making is a major cause of ego depletion, implying that leaders, who have many decisions to make every day, are prone to self-control failure. However, the article argues that moral identity is one factor that can limit ego depletion; it is the illustration of moral values. The article explains that the study involved measurements of moral identity and unethical leader behavior. The research investigated the prevalence of deviant behaviors among leaders at work. The hypothesis was that depletion of self-regulation would lead to unethical behaviors, particularly among the leaders with low moral identity. Testing of the hypothesis involved two studies with study 1 using a validated depletion task in a controlled laboratory setting to allow drawing of conclusions. Study 2 is a cross-sectional multisource study, relied on the leader’s personal rating of their depletion and moral identity and its purpose was to allow generalization of the findings to the setting of an organization where leaders function meaningfully on daily basis. Study 1 involved seventy-eight undergraduate students from a Dutch university. They included 41 males and 37 females. Assigning of the two experimental conditions of self-regulatory depletion or no depletion was random. The article explains that study 1 involved two stages with participants responding to a bogus leadership ability questionnaire and moral identity measure through the internet for stage 1. Stage 2, a regulatory depletion task, took place in a laboratory, 24 hours after stage 1. Completion of the regulatory depletion task took two phases. In the first phase, the participants completed a task under the no depletion condition while in the second phase; they completed tasks under two different conditions; no depletion and high depletion.

Marshall’s Theory of Citizenship

ï » ¿Marshall’s Theory of Citizenship Marshall’s theory of citizenship and its relevance in Britain in 2017 Introduction Marshall’s citizenship theory is concerned with social rights, education, and voting. Marshall’s theory on citizenship is compatible with Britain in 2017 due to the fact that schools are influenced by ideological, economic, and cultural forces, and citizenship considers the way in which education functions in class formation, struggle, capital accumulation, and the legitimation of the privileges of dominant groups (Apple, 2017:4). In fact, there is no doubt that schools are institutions of economic and cultural reproduction (Apple, 2017). Similarly, Marshall (2009:149) opines that the institutions most closely connected to citizenship and civilisation are the educational system and the social services. Citizenship has also raised questions on the sense of social solidarity and integration in any given community (Turner, 1990). Thus, citizenship, and every idealised version of it, holds relevance today. Marshall’s theory in particular, has relevance in 2017 due to the fact that there are several distinct forms of citizenship, and each can be understood by taking Marshall’s vision of citizenship as a whole, rather than a sum of parts. Turner (1997) notes that society is faced with two contradictory principles: scarcity and social solidarity. Scarcity results in exclusionary events such as gender divisions, social classes, and status groups, whilst social solidarity requires cohesive community structures, regardless of one’s social standing (Turner, 1997). Gender divisions are the one area that Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails to consider. In addition to the above characteristics of Marshall’s theory, Marshall’s theory on citizenship considered legal rights as the first form of citizenship (Turner, 1997). In the 19th century, political rights and their institutionalisation in parliament was Marshall’s second notion of citizenship (Turner, 1997). Next, Marshall believed that citizenship was related to social rights, and that those social rights were institutionalised in the welfare state (Turner, 1997). When considering these three forms of rights, Marshall argued that citizenship mitigates the inequalities created by capitalism (Turner, 1997:11). Marshall referred to modern industrialist capitalist societies as ‘hyphenated societies,’ due to the fact that such societies have some degree of democratic redistribution of wealth through the institution of citizenship. Marshall’s theory on citizenship relies on post-war societies and their relationships between social class, welfare, and citizenship (Turner, 1997). At the heart of Marshall’s theory on citizenship is identity. For instance, contemporary Britain has faced anxiety in granting unconditional comprehensive citizenship to Hong Kong nationals (Turner, 1997). Turner (1997:7) describes this concept as ‘social closure’ in which citizenship is determined on an inclusion/exclusion basis, in an attempt to exclude ‘outsiders’ and drive out diversity. The idea of social closure is still a pervasive concept in 2017, as evidenced by â€Å"Brexit.† Openness to diversity and difference is an essential component of a liberal democracy (Turner, 1997), yet the sentiment of some UK citizens is in conflict with the idea of diversity. Brexit and immigration are discussed later in the essay. Critique of Marshall’s Theory Marshall’s theory of citizenship has been criticised for being Anglocentric and evolutionist (Mann, 1987). Mann (1987) suggests that emphasis should be placed on understanding ruling class interactions and anciens rà ©gimes rather than rising bourgeois and proletarian classes, which has been the status quo in previous political studies (Mann, 1987). Other critics discount Marshall’s concept of citizenship due to the fact that his theories were developed in the mid 70’s (Bulmer & Rees, 1996) and the post-World War II political dynamic is much different than it is today. While this may be the case, it does not negate the fact that Marshall’s lived experiences as a prisoner in Germany and as a social worker, provides a knowledge and culture that can only be subsumed from such experiences. Such experiences can be triangulated to the adversity that many UK citizens feel today; it is not an overseas war that many in the UK are fighting- it is an internal war at which the will of the underclass of Britain and Britain’s diminishing middle-class is threatened. It is arguable that Marshall’s theory on citizenship will always have relevance, whether it is in the year 2017, 2060, or later. For instance, in 1978, some scholars pointed out that the concept of citizenship had gone â€Å"out of fashion† amongst political thinkers (Kymlicka & Norman, 1994). Yet, 15 years later, citizenship has become a â€Å"buzz word† in political discourse (Kymlicka & Norman, 1994). Considered even minimally, it is arguable that Marshall’s theory is relevant in a cyclical nature. During certain points in time, it could be more relevant than in other time periods, although the concept itself is always relevant. Marshall has considered the entitlements of economic structure and capitalist society (Turner & Hamilton, 1990: 199), and these concepts will always be a constant. Social Class & Welfare Reform Social class, like citizenship, is a system of inequality (Marshall, 2009). Thus, Marshall’s theory on citizenship takes account of the impact of citizenship on social class (Marshall, 2009). In fact, Marshall (1950) notes that citizenship and social class are in conflict. The paragraphs below discuss social class and welfare reform. Social welfare reform has been a central part of Britain’s political agenda since Margaret Thatcher’s policies of the conservative government (McLaughlin, 2000). Thatcher’s social welfare reforms included less governmental intervention and less social assistance so as to allow citizens to be more active in their social and economic standing. Thatcher’s policies also known as ‘Thatcherism’ encouraged greater citizen freedom and free market (McLaughlin, 2000). The idea of a free market is in line with Marshall’s view on citizenship. Following Thatcher’s policies, the Labour government reinvented social welfare after their 1997 win (McLaughlin, 2000). Given the stark contrast between the Conservative government’s policies and the Labour Party’s policies, it is arguable that Marshall’s understanding of citizenship is very much relevant to today’s Britain. Marshall’s hypothesis rested on an economic calculation that the cost of providing education for all would increase a country’s productivity (Marshall, 1950: 6). Although Marshall’s hypothesis was calculated at a time in which physical labour was heavily utilised, affordable access to education is a concept that many in Britain worry about (Yuan & Powell, 2013). While Liberals and the Labour Party push for more social services such as education bursaries and grants for lower income families, Conservatives hold the view that education should not be a part of the social welfare system (Counts, 1978). Thus, this is the very notion of citizenship in which minimal access to education further widens inequality and inequality is inversely correlated with citizenship. Inequality is inversely correlated with citizenship due to the fact that the higher the inequality that exists, the lower the [participation] of citizenship, due to the fact that individuals faced with economic hardship are less likely to vote (Rosenstone, 1982). Arguably, the higher the citizenship, the lower the inequality of citizenship. Prior to the Labour’s win in 1997, the Labour Party stated that welfare reform would be one its major campaign promises that it kept (Powell, 2000). The Labour’s rhetoric was said to be a new and distinctive method that differed from both the old left and the new right (Powell, 2000). At the heart of the party’s campaign, however, was the need for social change and reform. Marshall’s concept of citizenship is relevant to that period and today’s period due to the fact that social reform is still a heavily debated concept in 2017. Another element that points to the relevance of Marshall’s theory on citizenship is welfare fraud. Welfare fraud is a hot-button topic for many political campaigns, despite its occurrence on a small scale. The British public believes that 27% of the UK’s welfare budget is lost to fraud (Trade Unions Congress, 2013) while the government’s records of funding lost to welfare fraud is 0.7% (TUC, 2013). And according to a poll conducted by the Trades Union Congress (TUC), Ministers should not assume that voters will continue to support Ministers’ plans to cap welfare benefit rises. The TUC’s research further notes that voters who are least able to provide accurate results on benefits are most likely to back the government’s plan to cut benefits (TUC, 2013). The poll results paint a bleak picture on citizen perception on unemployment. For instance, the TUC poll shows that once citizens learn that the benefits cap will hit workers in low paid jobs the most, support moves away from the government (TUC, 2013). The poll also demonstrated that 61% of individuals polled believed that 41% of the entire welfare budget goes to unemployed people, while the true figure is 3% (TUC, 2013). Overall, the results of the poll demonstrate that misconceptions on poverty and unemployment are what fuel misleading news stories and sensationalised campaign points. This is relevant to Marshall’s notion of citizenship because people need to understand the real causes and issues plaguing social welfare and unemployment: welfare fraud is not one of them. By remaining uninformed, an electorate may very well vote against their better interests, and in turn, this foster inequality. Marshall (1950) suggested that it was the state’s social responsibility to help the working class and poor to utilise their political and civil rights, and this can only be accomplished with an informed voter base. This is especially true due to the fact that cuts in social security programs have disproportionately affected women (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004). Cuts to these programs have affected single mothers in particular (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004). Shelley and Gavigan (2004) make a critical point when they note that public discourse and social images on welfare fraud erroneously link poverty and welfare to crime. Brexit & Immigration Prior to Brexit, many political analysts suggested that the determining factor on attitudes for leaving or staying in Britain was immigration, while others suggested that the determining factor was the advantage versus the disadvantage of EU membership (McKee & Galsworthy, 2016). Although ‘Brexit’ took place in 2016, the effects of the vote are apparent in 2017. Tied to Brexit is immigration. As immigration is a global concern, minority groups and liberal assimilationist concepts of citizenship have dominated political discourse. The same can be said for Britain’s immigration â€Å"problem.† The public vote to leave the EU brought about issues of citizenship and ‘otherness’ (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). In fact, a poll conducted by the British Election Study (BES) demonstrated that anti-immigration rhetoric shaped public support for Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). For instance, increases in the rate of immigration in the UK were key predictors of the vote for Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). It is not surprising that Britain has taken issue with immigration for several years. Journalists and reporters have seen increased attacks on EU migrants and minorities in record number, and it appears that this problem has only increased subsequent to Brexit (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). Further to the violence and anti-immigrant sentiment, the anger and xenophobia against immigrants are expected to become more intense (Goodwin & Milazzo, 2017). In considering the other side of the argument, Marshall’s theory may not be as relevant to the year 2017 due to the fact that Marshall’s theory focused on the exercise of political power and voter turnout for Brexit was low (Goodwin & Heath, 2016). Marshall noted that citizens exercise participation of political power by voting, and if citizens do not exercise this right, they cannot be said to be involved in the political process. Arguably, a lack of participation points to apathy or ‘hopelessness.’ Marshall argued that citizenship â€Å"is a status bestowed on all those who are full members of a community.† (Marshall, 1950:28). Such members carry out their responsibilities by voting and completing civic obligations. On the other hand, Banks’ (2008) theory on citizenship which is still evident in today’s society is similar to Marshall’s notion of citizenship as Banks rejects assimilation, arguing that citizenship should reflect diverse cultures and languages. Further, diverse groups rights can aid individuals in attaining structural equality. Education Reform Education reform has been a hot button issue for the past 20 years (Torres, 1998). Education reform and citizenship are interrelated concepts due to the fact that citizens exercise their rights to vote on education. Education is not only a human right, but it is a concept that is at the forefront of the electorate. While some authors note that the discussion of schools in the UK remain marginal to the policy process or they are heard minimally through teaching unions (Bowe, Ball, & Gold, 2017), the consensus is that educational reform is an important campaigning point, and this is acknowledged by political pundits. Another reason why education reform and citizenship are linked is because the social division of labour and educational systems are connected. This is in line with Marshall’s theory on citizenship due to the fact that discussions on educational reform have centred around schools and their ability to reduce the division of labour and lessen existing inequality (Apple, 2017). The UK’s Housing Crisis The current housing crisis in the UK is another issue that is related to citizenship, due to the fact that it is a social phenomenon that the electorate holds a stake in. The housing crisis also exacerbates inequality, and inequality is a fundamental precept of citizenship, as noted by Marshall. The housing crisis in the UK is a problem that began after World War II (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Post-war planning legislation was instated in order to ensure that there was adequate supply of housing land, but much of the legislation failed to account to for Britain’s growing population (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Since the passing of such legislation, there has been a widening gap between housing demand and supply in the UK, leading to the housing crisis (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). The question of whether Marshall’s theory on citizenship pertains to today’s housing crisis in the UK, rests on government intervention. While Marshall was largely against state intervention in some respects, Marshall supported the state using its power for education and basic assistance (Marshall, 1950). Proponents of improved and affordable housing conditions suggest that the government should vigorously be involved in the planning process and provide adequate housing provisions for low-income households (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). While Conservatives believe that the private market should be able to balance development and the interests of the UK citizens, Liberals believe that state intervention will provide equitable and socially beneficial forms of housing for those that are most in need (Gurran & Whitehead, 2011). Gurran and Whitehead (2011) argue that state intervention is the only solution that will ease the housing crisis due to the fact that less land will be available for activities that generate negative externalities, resulting in higher housing prices, whilst more land will be available for uses that include greater social benefit. Stone (2006) also notes that affordable housing is a social issue that must take account of current incomes in the UK. Affordable housing can mean subsidised housing and liveable housing conditions (Stone, 2006). Thus, Marshall’s theory would include support for affordable housing, given the inequalities that exist in the housing shortage. Feminism As feminism has gained steam in the last 20 years, so has the quest for equality (Brooks, 1997). Postmodern feminism and citizenship moves beyond the mainly white, male, middle-class perspective that much of history has been based on. Further, the absence of gender causes problems for understanding citizenship (Walby, 1994). Walby (1994) argues that discussions on citizenship must consider the ways in which gender can be integrated into citizenship (Walby, 1994). Thus, citizenship must consider a dynamic theory of gender relations and political citizenship that destabilises patriarchy and restores equal citizenship (Walby, 1994). Some scholars note that Marshall’s theory of citizenship is not applicable today based on Marshall’s linear view on citizenship. These scholars argue that Marshall’s perspective on citizenship is that of a white, heterosexual male, and that it does not take account of minorities, women, lesbians, or homosexuals (Turner, 2009). Lister (2003) notes that active citizenship can be accomplished by questioning deeply entrenched dichotomies and understanding the more coercive forms of active citizenship which are dominated by political agendas. The other way that active citizenship can be accomplished is by refusing to accept unfounded definitions and constructions of â€Å"insiders† and â€Å"outsiders† in relation to individual rights on citizenship, and this requires a deep regard for gender equality. Postmodernist feminist also allows issues of child care, education, and work-life balance to be considered as a matter of both genders, despite those issues being considered as ‘female’ issues. Lister (2003) has allowed poor gendered versions of citizenship to be questioned, which is what Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails to do. Conclusion While Marshall’s theory on citizenship focused mainly on the free market, Marshall also considered with the inequalities that came with citizenship. On this end, Marshall’s theory is still applicable to Britain in the year 2017, due to the fact that inequalities linked to citizenship still exist in Britain. The housing crisis has also demonstrated the applicability of Marshall’s theory. Brexit has demonstrated that there is anti-immigrant sentiment, despite the fact that the selling point for joining the EU was the free movement of people and goods. The one area that Marshall’s theory on citizenship may not apply to, is feminism. In regards to gender and inequality, the negative historical treatment of poor women on welfare have clouted public discourse (Shelley & Gavigan, 2004) on the real social welfare issues. The criminalisation of poverty in Britain raises theoretical questions on the regulation and control of Britain’s welfare state. Thus, Marshall’s theory on citizenship fails on this particular point due to the fact that Marshall’s perspective considers that of the white male, while largely ignoring women and their struggle and position as second-class citizens. As citizenship has re-emerged as an issue which is central to political concerns regarding healthcare, education, and social security (Turner, 1990), it must also consider the fight for equality and feminism- otherwise, citizenship is not truly considered in its totality. Bibliography Apple, M.W. 2017. Cultural and Economic Reproduction in Education: Essays on Class, Ideology, and the State (London: Routledge). Banks, J.A.2008. Diversity, Group Identity, and Citizenship Education in a Global Age. Educational Researcher, 37(3), 129-139. Bowe, R., Ball, S.J., Gold, A. 2017. Reforming Education and Changing Schools: Case Studies in Policy Sociology (UK: Routledge). Brooks, A. 1997. Postfeminisms: Feminism, Cultural Theory and Cultural Forms (NY: Routledge). Bulmer, M., & Rees, A.M.1996. Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of T.H. Marshall. (London: Routledge). Chunn, E.D., & Gavigan, S.A.M. 2004. Welfare Law, Welfare Fraud, and the Moral Regulation of the ‘Never Deserving’ Poor. Social & Legal Studies, 13(2), 219-243. Counts, G.S. 1978. Dare the School Build a New Social Order? (London: Southern Illinois University Press). Faulks, K. 1998. Citizenship in Modern Britain (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). Trades Union Congress. 2013. Support for benefit cuts dependent on ignorance, TUC-commissioned poll finds. [Accessed: 5 May 2017]. Available from: https://www.tuc.org.uk/social-issues/child-poverty/welfare-and-benefits/tax-credits/support-benefit-cuts-dependent Goodwin, M., & Heath, O. 2016. The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result. The Political Quarterly, 87(3). Goodwin, M., & Milazzo, C. 2017. Taking Back Control?: Investigating the role of Immigration in the 2016 vote for Brexit. British Journal of Politics and International Relations. Gurran, N., & Whitehead, C. 2011. Planning and Affordable Housing in Australia and the UK: A Comparative Perspective. Housing Studies, 26(7-8). Jones, H., Gunaratnam, Y., Bhattacharyya, G., Davies, W., Dhaliwal, S., Forkert, K., Jackson, E., & Saltus, R. 2017. Immigration Controversies and Performative Politics. (UK: Oxford University Press). Kymlicka, W., & Norman, W. 1994. Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory. An International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 104(2). Lister, R. 2003. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. 2nd Edition, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Mann, M. 1987. Ruling Class Strategies and Citizenship. Sociology, 21(3). Marshall, T.H. 2005. Developing the Global Gaze in Citizenship Education: Exploring the Perspectives of Global Education NGO Workers in England. International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(2), 76-91. Marshall, T.H. 2009. Inequality and Society, edited by Jeff Manza and Michael Sauder (NY: W.W. Norton and Co.) McKee, M., & Galsworthy, M.J. 2016. Brexit: A Confused Concept that threatens Public Health. Journal of Public Health, 38(1), 3-5. McLaughlin, E. 2000. New Managerialism, New Welfare? Eds. John Clarke, Sharon Gewirtz. (London: Sage). Powell, M. 2000. New Labour and the third way in the British welfare state: a new distinctive approach? Critical Social Policy, 20(1) Rosenstone, S.J. 1982. Economic Adversity and Voter Turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 26(1), 25-46. Stone, M.E. 2006. What is Housing Affordability? The Case for the Residual Income Approach. Housing Policy Debate, 17(1), 151-184. Torres, C.A. 1998. Democracy, Education, and Multiculturalism: Dilemmas of Citizenship in a Global World. Comparative Education Review, 42(4), 421-447. Turner, B.S. 1990. Outline of a Theory of Citizenship. Sociology, 24(2). Turner, B.S., & Hamilton, P. 1990. Citizenship: Critical Concepts, Volume 1. (London Routledge). Turner, B.S. 1997. Citizenship Studies: A General Theory. Citizenship Studies, 1(1). 5-18. Turner, B.S. 2009. T.H. Marshall, social rights and English national identity. Citizenship Studies, 13(1), 65-73. Walby, S. 1994. Is Citizenship Gendered? Sociology, 28(2), 379-395. Yuan, L., & Powell, S. 2013. MOOCs and Open Education: Implications for Higher Education, A White Paper. (UK: Centre for Educational Technology & Interoperability Standards).

SWAT analysis for Victoria Station Restaurants Essay -- essays researc

Victoria Station Strengths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concept uniqueness- Concept based restaurants’ rely on dà ©cor and novelty themes, which are appealing enough to the customers to draw in business. For example: Hard Rock Cafà ©, Applebee’s, Rolling Rock Cafà ©, or Outback Steakhouse. The Victoria Station utilized the English depot paraphernalia to support the theme; gas lights, a red English telephone booth, and a London taxi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quality control- The beef was cut to specifications, used controlled- portion fillets/top sirloin butts, and a computerized checking system to verify that unapproved vendors would be brought to management’s attention should any items be purchased off of the approved purveyor list. Appearance, food preparation and service, beverage, atmosphere, equipment, safety, and inventory control were set in detail with complete job descriptions for all managers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial control –detailed reports and daily inventories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No advertising or paid promotion- they were successful in the beginning with just relying on word of mouth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promotions- one of the more profitable promo was the rib promotion. Weaknesses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over expansion- Victoria Station went against it’s own policy bases on building in areas with population of 1million or more. Even with expansion with the hopes of creating more volume, Victoria Station was still unable to cover the fixed-cost percentages. They had roughly 100 restaurants in more than 50 markets. ()   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inflexible concept design- The boxcar, compared to traditional restaurants created high occupancy costs due to its expensive building and the maintenance. It also hindered the liquidation of assets to cover debts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Limited menu- Did not leave any allowances for customer change, dietary developments, or market swings for beef industry. Poor reaction skills- When V.S. sales started to lessen their reaction was to raise prices which ended up going against the original concept of prime rib at a good price.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Identity crisis- When change was necessary they ended up only to created confusion for their market segment; is it casual, family, fine dining, steak/burger, etc.. Opportunities   Ã‚  Ã‚  &n... ... the mercy of the beef industry and their prices and a at the same time not relaying the prices to the customers, who’s tastes are changing as well. But overall, no these problems correspond with the initiation of this chain. 4) To save Victoria Station Restaurants, they should have either stuck to their business plan or at the point of decline in the life cycle, just cut their losses and start completely fresh, including the building. Otherwise, I would have moved away from concept- type marketing to a value based marketing system on service, quality, and cost. Bibliography 1) Lewis C. Robert. Cases in Hospitality Marketing & Management. John Wiley & Sons. New York. 1997. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin, Richard. â€Å"Victoria Station Seeks Survival Options† Nation’s Restaurant News. Sept 10, 1984. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kochak, White Jacque. â€Å"Running out of Lives.† Restaurant business. July 20, 1987 v86 p104 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strenk, Tom. â€Å"Bets on Bonkers† Restaurant Business. October 10, 1984 v83 p176 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bernstein, Charles. â€Å"The Classic lesson: success breeds failure.† Nation’s Restaurant News. June 16, 1986

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors in the Workplace Employees within an organization can either contribute positively or negatively towards their employing organization’s overall success and effectiveness. The organizations that ream the most productive behaviors from their employees typically incorporate motivational and leadership activities that encourage these behaviors (Jex & Britt, 2008). This paper will define counterproductive and productive behaviors and describe the impact those behaviors have on job performance and the overall performance of an organization.Counterproductive Behaviors Logic says that employees should want to do well in their jobs. But despite this logic, some employees do not. For various reasons employees will sometimes perform counterproductively towards their employer’s overall goals. Examples of these types of behaviors are ineffective job performance, frequent absence from work, unsafe behavior, turnover, theft, violence, substan ce abuse, and sexual harassment (Jex & Britt, 2008). These types of behaviors can result in high costs for organizations.Detecting Counterproductive Behavior The best way employers can detect counterproductive behavior among employees is to perform routine performance appraisals. There are several methods for performing appraisals, including electronic, production data, and subjective appraisals. Each of these systems has pros and cons to it, and are only marginally effective (Jex & Britt, 2008). The truly best way to detect counterproductive behavior is to interact with employees and monitor their job satisfaction. What Causes Counterproductive Behavior?An employee who does not perform well in his or her job may do so for reasons like lack of ability, interruptions from other employees, or poor task design (Jex & Britt, 2008). As well, poor job performance may result from elements in the organizational climate that provoke poor attitude, or, much less often, because of deep psychia tric problems (Jex & Britt, 2008). Once an employer detects a counterproductive behavior among his or her workforce he or she must try to pinpoint the cause of the behavior. One way of doing this is through the attribution process, in which the mployee’s supervisor would evaluate an employee’s current performance against his or her past performance, his or her performance on specific tasks versus his or her overall performance, and his or her performance compared to other employees. By doing this the supervisor can try to determine the cause of the ineffective behavior and whether it is being caused by internal (lack of ability or motivation, poor attitude, or psychiatric issues) or external (coworkers, poor task design, or lack of tools) factors (Jex & Britt, 2008). Responding to Counterproductive BehaviorOnce a behavior is detected and the cause of the behavior is analyzed, employers must decide how to respond to the behavior. The best first response is to have the e mployee’s manger discuss the counterproductive behavior with the employee in question (Jex & Britt, 2008) and determine whether the behavior can be corrected in order for the employee to retain his or her position. Once the discussion takes place the manager and employee can decide whether further training or coaching would encourage improved behavior or whether an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) would be beneficial (Jex & Britt, 2008).Of course, organizations would be best off to prevent counterproductive behaviors from occurring at all. This can be done by going to the effort and expense of hiring the right employees, possibly by utilizing the tools of selection programs to analyze potential employees skills and personalities. As well, employers should nurture their employees’ skills and abilities to encourage productive job performance. Finally, they should also offer employees frequent feedback and measurement of their performance to help keep them on track with respect to organizational expectations (Jex & Britt, 2008).Productive Behaviors Despite the fact that some employees do not contribute positively to the organizations they work for, most employees try to perform their jobs to the best of their abilities and even go above and beyond their required duties at times. Examples of productive behaviors include positive job performance, organizational citizenship, creativity, and innovation (Jex & Britt, 2008). Assessing Productive Behaviors Organizational psychologists use various models to assess job performance.These models evaluate in-role (technical aspects of a given job) and extra-role (skills that transcend the specific content of a job such as communication skills and being a team player) performance by employees (Jex & Britt, 2008). These assessments allow managers to recognize productive employees and encourage and motivate them to continue in their efforts. Predictors of Productive Behaviors There are several methods that organi zations can use when recruiting employees to predict whether candidates will contribute positively to their organization.These include general cognitive ability, level of job experience, and the personality trait of conscientiousness (Jex & Britt, 2008). By evaluating these predictors, organizations can save themselves time and money by hiring the right people who will contribute to organizational goals without excess coaching, training, or need for reprimand. The Affects of Counterproductive and Productive Behaviors Clearly an organization will be affected by the employees that support it. Employees that contribute positively will help the organization move towards its goals, and, if innovation and creativity are present, possibly even surpass their goals.On the other hand, employees who work counterproductively within an organization, will cost management time and may require additional effort to be spent on reputation management, recruitment, and training (Jex & Britt, 2008). Org anizations would be best served to recruit employees with the most potential to work productively by analyzing their job experience, personality, and cognitive ability before offering an individual a job.References Jex, S. M. , & Britt, T. W. (2008). . Organizational Psychology. A Scientist-Practitioner Approach, Second Edition. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/classroom/ic/classroom. aspx.

American History

American History 1. The 19th Century definition of liberalism in adopts the realms and principles of capitalism.The first core assumption of liberal theory in political aspects is that the fundamental actors in politics are members of domestic society, understood as individuals and privately constituted groups seeking to promote their independent interests. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In philosophical aspects, special conditions, limited competition, individual autonomy, and individual behavior are intertwined together to create a defined social order that seek for the promotion of individual welfare. The most basic tenet of liberal theory is that politics is mixed into the social context, which acts as an effective measure to curtail the powers of the government. In economic aspects, liberalism is a composition of individual who possesses different interests and identities that push them to form economic ties to further their social, political, and economic goals. While this theory is individualistic, its 19th century view is pluralist. 1a.The contributions of the work of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton to notions about natural law began with the theories of Copernicus to the modern scientific world-view. The theories of the these scientists changed the worldview from medieval explanation to proven scientific views. Copernicus in his Ptolemaic system explained gave an analysis of reason behind an appearance of reverse motions adopted by planets. The impact of the work of Copernicus on man’s conception of the universe and rational thought in scientific disciplines is firmly entrenched in notions about natural law. The development of the first Heliocentric theory of the universe and the Pythagorean system had profound revolutionary implications on man’s conception of the universe and natural law. Kepler focused on the application of p latonic solids to provide explanation on orbit spacing in planets.In his work, Kepler placed the sun at the center of the universe and provided a groundbreaking foundation through which future works in astrology were to draw inferences. This was the premise behind Kepler’s Law’s that had immense impact of natural laws and formed the basis of Newton’s law of gravity. The impact of Galileo’s work on the universe and natural laws was majorly on mechanics. His outstanding contribution in the classification of acceleration, velocity, and instantaneous motion widely influenced natural laws of science. Isaac Newton on the other built on the concepts of instantaneous motion but Galileo and others. However, his work on dispersion, nature of color, wave nature of lights greatly influenced the view of humankind on nature and significantly contributed to notions about natural law.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Building upon the work of Kepler on the position of the sun at the center of the solar system, Newton developed the law of gravitational pull. His discoveries on the movement of the speed in relation to that of the sun and the Inverse Square Law showed common basis and remained defining discoveries on natural laws. The importance of Newton’s work for eighteenth century philosophy revolves around their impacts on worldview. Newton’s laws of motion managed to achieve a shift from medieval explanations to proven scientific laws with common basis. 1b.The origin of the natural rights philosophy draws its origin form liberal political philosophy of John Locke. Constitutions of most democracies of the world draw their existence from this philosophy. Natural rights philosophy proposes that men are free, equal, and independent. The government has the moral duty to respect the rights of individuals. The â€Å"natural right s† played a key role in the development of American Constitution and form the key principle in which the constitution is based. The fall and disintegration of the French monarchy and its replacement with principles of equality, citizenship, nationalism, and inalienable rights draw roots from the philosophy of natural rights. The French revolution was more radical because of the existence of radical elements that exploited governments problems and weaknesses to seize power and changed system of governance. In French revolution, the radical elements were the Girondins. Furthermore, the fear of neighboring countries about the prospects of the revolution spreading added fuel to the already turbulent situation in France. This created more internal turmoil and gave the radical movements more resolve to seize power as observed in Jacobin’s case in France. The difference in characters of George Washington and Napoleon in their contribution to the different ends of the America n and French Revolutions revolve around the fact that whereas Napoleon spread the revolutionary ideals of liberalism and nationalism across Europe, he failed to live the spirit of liberalism and natural rights for all in France. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More George Washington on the other solved domestic challenges in America and ensured entrenchment of natural rights, thereby appealing to the American majority at the time. 1c.The legacy of the French revolution and the Napoleonic Empire had profound impact in the entire Europe. The ideas of revolution remain embedded in Europe’s law codes and spread to Europe’s colonies across the globe. The non-Europeans were later to use the revolution ideas of French revolution and the Napoleonic Empire to overthrow European’s colonial powers in the rest of the globe. In summary, the French revolution rema ins a powerful force in modern history. American History In 1787, stakeholders convened in Philadelphia to draft a new constitution. Key considerations entailed the need to review various provisions in the Articles of Confederation. However, the failure to reach a consensus promoted the abandonment of the Articles, and the onset of the drafting of a new constitution.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on American History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This new document required the approval of at least nine states before it could take effect within the United States. Although numerous controversies and disagreements faced the creation of the new constitution, its ratification by eleven states was a milestone in American history. The Virgin Plan promoted the establishment of a central form of government that would adopt a people-oriented approach. Madison’s proposal of three distinct elements of governance gave citizens control over the executive and judiciary . Conflicts between the Virgin Plan and propositions by representatives of small states led to the introduction of the New Jersey Plan. Small-states’ representatives viewed the proposal concerning the adoption of a general voting for representatives to the lower legislative, rather than the one-state-one-vote approach, as an unfavorable concept (Foner 258). The New Jersey Plan incorporated various aspects within the Articles of Confederation that promoted the adoption of a unicameral legislature in which the vote per state stipulation remained valid. While the Virgin Plan focused on the inclusion of the public in key aspects of national governance and policymaking, the New Jersey Plan presented recommendations that sought to provide some level of influence to states with low populations, and minimize the dominance by states with high populations in crucial aspects of governance. Although both Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson sought the building of a people-oriented cou ntry, they differed in their views concerning appropriate approaches that would help America to achieve various objectives. While Hamilton promoted the need to restrict leadership roles to the affluent and educated individuals, Jefferson viewed the government as an entity that could guarantee optimal results through the reliance on the public as decision makers. Another consideration is Hamilton’s support for the establishment of a national government while Jefferson encouraged the inception of a state government. Hamilton and Jefferson differed on various aspects of the economy such as the necessity of a national debt, an agriculture driven versus urban and infrastructural boosted economy, and the distinction between the powers of state governments and the national government.Advertising Looking for critical writing on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thomas Jefferson’s views on appropriate gov ernance, as the creation of an entity, which would allow the public to participate in policymaking, highlights aspects similar to Madison’s assertion within the Virgin Plan. On the other hand, Hamilton’s propositions depict aspects of imbalanced governance in which the minority influence decisions that affect the whole population. This demonstrates that he would adopt the New Jersey Plan. The consensus among delegates on the need to promoted unity between states rather than focusing on aspects of equality led to minimal considerations on the issue of slavery. An analysis of the stipulations in the constitution illustrates aspects that strengthened the institution of slavery (Foner 259). The Fugitive Clause and the Three-Fifths Formula gave slave states significant levels of control over slaves. As a citizen of the new American Republic in 1790, I would have favored Madison’s views of a central government as it gives control to the public over crucial aspects of policymaking and leadership. I would have favored the Virgin plan because it clearly outlines the structuring of the government, roles of legislatures and the power bestowed upon the public. Foner, Eric. Give me liberty!: an American history. 3rd ed. New York: W W Norton Company Incorporated, 2012. Print.

Quotes and Jokes From Dumb and Dumber

Quotes and Jokes From 'Dumb and Dumber' For moviemakers, comedy is not an easy genre, yet the two leading characters in Dumb and Dumber make comedy seem like a cakewalk. They really know how to get under your skin with their inane behavior. Here are some Dumb and Dumber movie quotes that demonstrate the great comic timing of Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels. Lloyd Hey, look, the Monkees! They were a huge influence on the Beatles. Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the medical school? Im supposed to be giving a lecture in 20 minutes, and my drivers a bit lost. We got no food, no jobs... our pets heads are falling off! Thats what were gonna call it. I got worms! Were gonna specialize in selling worm farms. You know, like ant farms. Hey, I guess theyre right. Senior citizens, although slow and dangerous behind the wheel, can still serve a purpose. Ill be right back. Dont you go dying on me! Harry [after Lloyd trades the van in for a moped] Just when I thought you couldnt get any dumber, you go and do something like this... and totally redeem yourself! I cant believe we drove around all day, and theres not a single job in this town. There is nothing, nada, zip! What if he shot me in the face? According to the map, weve only gone 4 inches. Joe Mentalino Shut up! Now we dont even know who the hell they are! You dont kill people you dont know. Thats a rule.

State and federal law in the United States Essay

State and federal law in the United States - Essay Example Starbucks’ public image as a company committed to fair trade and labor practice is unequivocally false.   As Zielinski (1995) explains, Starbucks directly purchased approximately 40% of its coffee beans from Guatemalan coffee plantation.   This is especially significant because the labor conditions on these plantations borders on slavery.   Workers are paid 2 cents per pound of coffee while Starbucks sells it for $9.   In addition, these plantations do not abide by the minimum health or safety requirements and use child laborers.   At a time when large corporations are refusing to deal with these plantations, Starbucks not only relies on them for a significant percentage of its coffee but denies any responsibility for the continued exploitation of Guatemalan coffee laborers (Zielinski, 1995).Following the extremely negative press Starbucks received in the wake of the media’s exposition of its participation in exploitative labor, its company invested millions o f dollars in improving its public image.   As Irving (2006) points out, the Starbucks publicity machine presents an image of the company as one which is fundamentally committed to fair labor practices.   This is nothing but a myth, an empty slogan. The facts indicate that not only has Starbucks maintained its relationship with Guatemalan plantations whose workers are underpaid, denied health coverage and   a safe work environment but it further relies on off-shore prison labor for the packaging of its coffee.  ... As Irving (2006) points out, the Starbucks publicity machine presents an image of the company as one which is fundamentally committed to fair labor practices. This is nothing but a myth, an empty slogan. The facts indicate that not only has Starbucks maintained its relationship with Guatemalan plantations whose workers are underpaid, denied health coverage and a safe work environment but it further relies on off-shore prison labor for the packaging of its coffee and other products. Indeed, available facts and figures indicate that a minimum of 24.5% of the company's coffee is purchased from sources which practice exploitative labor and which often use child and prison labor as well (Irving, 2006). As far as Starbucks is concerned, the bottom line is not fair labor or ethical business practices but profit margins. Starbucks' relations with its on-site employees further evidence its failure to adhere to fair labor practices. Hayes (2004) explains that according to federal law, overtime is defined as anything which exceeds 40 hours, while several states define overtime as anything in excess of 9 hours per working day. The receipt of overtime pay, however, is conditioned where managers are concerned. Quite simply stated, managers are not paid overtime for work which falls within their immediate job description and constitutes part of their managerial responsibilities because the law assumes that they should complete their work on time (Hayes, 2004). In direct relation to Starbucks, the evidence shows that it is overworking its employees and that its managers do work overtime on tasks which do not constitute part of their job description. Yet, in direct violation of state and federal laws, Starbucks refuses to pay its employees

Famous German Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Famous German Women - Essay Example , she met her future husband Adam Selbert, who was chair of "Workers and Soldiers Council" in Niederzwehren near Kassel, who influenced her to involve herself in politics and she even joined Germany Social Democrat by 1918. Consequently, after the formation of Weimar Republic when women received right to vote and Selbert campaigned for women to involve themselves in politics. She also encouraged women to live up to their dreams and support their families as they have the ability to do so and had equal rights as men (Dunn, 1987). Moreover, she was instrumental in the fight for equal rights and is accredited to the inclusion of the sentence, â€Å"Men and women are equal before the law† in the German Basic law. In order to empower her political work, she joined baccalaureate as an external candidate where she studied law and political science at first at University of Marburg and shortly afterwards at the University of Gà ¶ttingen. In conclusion, she being a professional lawyer championed for equal rights and encouraged women to be ready to take up positions and responsibilities till her death on June 9, 1986. Dunn, John F. (Dec 13 1987). "Stamps; Recent Issues Honor Famous Personages." New York Times: A.110. Retrieved from

Crime and Punishment and ways to make our prison system better Essay

Crime and Punishment and ways to make our prison system better - Essay Example This essay describes how hard it is for the imprisoned people to find their place in society after coming out. The Policy Information Report by the Educational Testing Service finds that the rate of black youths incarcerated has increased to the point that it â€Å"jeopardize(s) the achievement of broader social justice goals†. This is especially true for those who dropped out from school. This indicates that there is a gap in the educational opportunities of the Black youth as compared to the White youth. It is a matter of common knowledge that when people are not educated, they receive lesser opportunities for employment and, therefore, some of them turn to alternatives such as criminal activities to earn their living. Therefore, it can be construed that lack of education causes crime, which in turn increases the incarceration rates. Besides, research evidence suggests that â€Å"illiteracy† and the lack of mathematical skills are quite high in prisoners and a â€Å" half of all prisoners† do not possess any education at all. It is also seen that there is an increased trend of early dropout from schools, which can be attributed to drug use, lack of family support or the want of economic resources. Therefore, any reformations of prison systems must also encompass the concept of educating the prisoner through in house sources so that when they get released, they can engage in some productive employment. This will decrease the chances of recidivism and, thereby, eliminate the chances of their repeated incarceration. In the present day, the job market has become highly competitive and business entities have a wide variety of choices of people to hire. This means that people who do not possess adequate qualification, such as a college degree and professional skills, remain unemployed. In addition, the fact of being imprisoned casts the shadow of social stigma of ex-convicts and, usually, employers would not be interested in hiring them. This si tuation forces them to look for alternative sources of income and they end up relying on criminal activities for income and this

Wars Pepsi VS Coca Cola Essay Example for Free

Wars Pepsi VS Coca Cola Essay History of Pepsi: Pepsi was first introduced as Brads Drink in United States, in 1893 by Caleb Bradham, who made it at his drugstore where the drink was sold. It was later labeled Pepsi Cola, named after the digestive enzyme pepsin and kola nuts used in the recipe. Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was delicious and would aid in digestion and boost energy. In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as A bully drinkrefreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race. The advertising theme Delicious and Healthful was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the original design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again. In 1931, at the depth of the Great Depression, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered bankruptcy – in large part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a result of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Megargel was unsuccessful, and soon Pepsis assets were purchased by Charles Guth, the President of Loft Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores fountains after Coke refused to give him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Lofts chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula. On three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, The Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company, and it declined on each occasion. History of Coca Cola: Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 by John Pemberton, an Atlanta, Georgia, pharmacist. Pemberton was actually trying to concoct a headache remedy, but once he mixed his special syrup with carbonated water, and a few customers tasted the result, he realized that he had the makings of a popular soda  fountain beverage. The name Coca-Cola was coined by Pembertons bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, who also wrote out the new name in the expressive script that has become Coca Colas signature logo. Though the Coca-Cola Company apparently would rather not talk about the origin of its name in detail, its clear that Robinson derived Coca-Cola from two of the drinks ingredients: cola from the cola nut, and extract of coca leaf, also the source of cocaine. Cocaine was a common ingredient of nineteenth-century patent medicines, and by the standards of the day it contained a minuscule amount that probably had no effect on its consumers. Still, by the early 1890s there was a rising tide of anti-cocaine sentiment, and Atlanta businessman Asa Candler, who acquired the Coca Cola Company in 1891, steadily decreased even the tiny amount of the drug in the recipe. The only reason Candler kept putting even minute amounts of coca extract in the drink was the belief that to omit it entirely might cause Coca Cola to lose its trademark. But Coca-Cola was completely cocaine free by 1929. In 1940, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the name Coke rightfully belongs to the Coca-Cola Company. In financial circles, Coca-Cola has been one of the strongest and most reliable trading stocks, showing a steady return in all of its years of existence but one. Warren Buffet, one of the worlds richest men, has always touted Coca Cola as an essential in ones stock portfolio. Comparision between their Advertisements: Additionally while Pepsi with its younger audience tends to focus soley on pop stars, it was Coca-Cola who is regarded as having one of the greatest TV advertisiments of all time, featuring a far more mature pop band Blondie and the enormous hit Atomic, the video played the main chorus of the song to the backdrop of professional footballers taking part in geniune competitive World Cup games and the noise a contender for the coveted title of Greatest Commercial of All Time in many nations. Coca-Cola had Christina Aguilera featured in their commercials, while Pepsi had Britney Spears, Keshauntae  Brown, Michael Jackson, and Mariah Carey Comparision between their Marketing Approach: Both Coca-Cola and Pepsi try to market as part of a life-style. Coca-Cola uses phrases such as Coke side of life in their website, www.coca-cola.com, while Pepsi uses phrases such as Hot stuff in their website, www.pepsi.com, to promote the idea that Pepsi is in sync with the cool side of life. Coca-Cola is more popular but Pepsi has a bigger company. Pepsi tries to reach out to the younger generation by appealing to pop culture. If you visit their website you will be greeted with flashy pages containing pop music, cars, and fashion. Coca-Colas website also has links for music and sports, two arenas in which soda-pop is often consumed; however, Coca-Colas is less flashy and uses a classical appeal, most likely because of Coca-Colas long history as the standard for cola beverages. Comparision between Market Share: Comparision between Logo: Pepsi’s Logo: The Pepsi logo, just like the world’s favourite beverage, has evolved over a long period of time and has become an all time recognizable logo across the planet. Despite the lapse of over a 100 years, Pepsi Cola still leads the beverages industry and continues to capture the hearts and minds of millions of consumers with its dazzling taste and refreshing qualities. The production of Pepsi Cola kicked off on 16th June 1903. The logo that was designed back then remains more or less the same with minor innovations. Caleb Bradham, the man who founded the company, basically scribbled a design which later went on to gather fame. Sensing the success of his ground breaking drink, he came up with a logo and that centered on curves. The first visible changes were made in 1940 and 1950, when red and blue colors replaced the original red logo along with a slight alteration to the shape. Another change to the logo was made in 1962 when the word â€Å"Cola† was dropped from the logo, making it just â€Å"Pepsi†. The logo again embraced some minor changes on its centennial anniversary in 1998, with Pepsi’s success reflected by a sphere which still is part of the world’s most popular logo  today. Coca Cola’s Logo: Coca Cola is world’s biggest brand and its logo is most omnipresent in consumer psyche. In numerous surveys, it has been ranked as the most popular and most trusted brand of the world which is sold in more than 200 countries of the world. Pharmacist John S. Pemberton was the inventor of Coca-Cola. It was invented as patent medicine. His partner Frank Mason Robinson created first Coca Cola logo in 1885. First it was called, Coca Wine, but Robinson came up with the idea of Coca-Cola because he thought the two Cs would look well in advertising, and visualized the logo’s distinctive cursive script called Spencerian script which was a prevalent form of handwriting in 19th century’s US. The red and white color combination was chosen as it was attractive, has blend of energy and purity. It was also meant to attract the youngsters. Example of one basic logo design that has ruled the world without having much change in it, yes there was some subtle and minute alteration, but it has not drastically changed the properties of the logo. Compared to Pepsi, Coca-Cola logo better positioned in consumer psyche, that’s because when most people think about it, they think of this logo only and not of many variants. But when Pepsi is mentioned, many logos flow into people’s minds. Coca-Cola’s barely changing logo is better for people to remember. Comparision between Slogans over the years: Since both were developed and introcuded by pharmicists, they claimed that both drinks had medicinal properties. Cokes 1900 slogan was For headache and exhaustion, drink Coca-Cola, while Pepsis 1903 slogan was Exhilarating, Invigorating, Aids Digestion. In 1929, Pepsi claimed: Heres Health! Coke has been selling a refreshing and satisfying image for a longer time than Pepsi. Heres a quick list of slogans that remind us a lot of those we see today: * 1904 Coca-Cola satisfies * 1904 Delicious and Refreshing * 1905 Good all the way down * 1906 Thirst quenching delicious and refreshing * 1907 Cooling refreshing delicious * 1909 Delicious, wholesome, refreshing * 1909 Delicious, wholesome, thirst quenching * 1909 Drink delicious Coca-Cola In the other hand, Pepsi tried to show that their drink was better for small pockets, having more ounces of drink available in each bottle. Check it out: * 1934 Double Size * 1939 Twice as Much for a Nickel * 1943 Bigger Drink, Better Taste * 1949 Why Take Less When Pepsis Best? After that, since Coca-Cola was the top selling cola drink for so long, Pepsi started to change their awareness. Pepsi had to find a way to make people think different of what they were used to. Making Coke look old was solution they found. * 1961 Now Its Pepsi for Those Who Think Young * 1963 Come Alive! Youre in the Pepsi Generation * 1984 The Choice of a New Generation * 1989 A Generation Ahead * 1993 Be Young, Have Fun, Drink Pepsi * 1997 Generation Next Although its reign was never trembled by Pepsi, Coke replied these slogans reaffirming its untouchable quality and tradition. * 1942 The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself * 1945 Whenever you hear Have a Coke, you hear the voice of America * 1970 Its the real thing * 1985 Americas Real Choice * 1989 Cant Beat the Feeling * 1990 Cant Beat the Real Thing * 1993 Always Coca-Cola Another detail that makes clear to us that Coke never felt threaten is the fact that the Coca-Cola logo was hardly ever changed. The times Coke tried some change, the feedback was all negative, and they had to bring back the classic logo. Pepsi has been changing its logo since ever, adjusting themselves to each generation, making their way to become the young choice. Comparision between their websites: Pepsi’s Website: The Pepsi website (www.pepsi.com) offers users a very different experience than Coca-Cola’s website. The Pepsi site greets users with an animation and sounds of a glass being filled by ice and Pepsi, which is then paired with a food item such as onion rings or a fajita. There are four main links in Pepsi’s main page, two of which deal directly with Pepsi marketing campaigns. The first link is entitled â€Å"promotions.† By clicking this link, users of PepsiCo’s website are taken to a contest that involves consumers buying Pepsi and having a 1/3 chance of receiving a free music download courtesy of Apple’s iTunes. The second link, called â€Å"street motion† allows PepsiCo website users to enter a drawing where the winner will receive a free luxury automobile. The third link is for â€Å"Pepsi sports† where the NFL’s Rookie of the Year is named and consumers are reminded time and time again that Pepsi is the official drink sponsor of the NFL. This link also includes streaming video of every Pepsi Super Bowl ad. The final link is entitled â€Å"Pepsi music.† This link takes users to Pepsi’s website touting their sponsorship of a summer music tour that involves some of the biggest names in pop-music. Pepsi’s sites are very easy to navigate if one is looking to find information about PepsiCo’s promotions or marketing campaigns. If a user is looking for company or product information, however, it can be difficult to find. At the bottom of the main page is a small link for company information. By clicking this link, users are taken to a different page called PepsiWorld.com. At PepsiWorld.com, users can find the company’s history, job information, and information on other brands that Pepsi owns such as Quaker Oats and Frito Lay. Aesthetically, Pepsi’s websites are very nice. They use bright colors and large, animated links. The site can prove to be frustrating for those that are looking for company information, but for everyone else, they are very interactive and fun. PepsiCo’s sites are geared much more towards customers that are already Pepsi drinkers and have an idea of PepsiCo’s marketing campaigns. The goal of PepsiCo’s sites are not to build new customers, rather they aim to reinforce current customers’ concepts of the organization. Coca Cola’s website: When you arrive at Coca-Cola’s front page, you are greeted by three page  links. These links connect to Coca-Cola company information, their worldwide site, and their U.S. site. By clicking the company information link, the user is transported to Coca-Cola’s official company website where one can find information for investors, job information, and a company history. The company information page is set out in an easy to navigate manner with â€Å"pull-down† menus for each of the links within the company page. The worldwide and the U.S. sites on www.cocacola.com are very similar in content. The worldwide site provides international users with a link to Coca-Cola’s country-specific sites that provides information on products and Coca-Cola themed games and downloads. The Coca-Cola in the U.S site provides many of the same marketing tools that the international sites provide. There are â€Å"pull-down† menus on the site for music downloads, product information, sports, message boards, as well as links to all Coca-Cola television advertisements. Each of Coca-Cola’s web pages is easy to navigate. However, most of the pages are not aesthetically pleasing. With the exception of a few of the international sites (www.zambia.coca-cola.com), most Coca-Cola sites are mainly done in different shades of red and black. This provides a very dull experience for the user while searching the Coca-Cola website. Coca-Cola’s website focuses on not only current customers, but it also focuses on building strong relationships with existing customers by providing large amounts of company and product information. Comparision between Brand Personality and Target Markets: Pepsi’s Brand Personality and Target Markets: Pepsi has always had a young target audience. Many of their ads were targeted at teens and pre-teens and are injected with fun, sports and most often, music. Pepsi has leveraged all manner of musical celebrities over the years. There was a fantastic commercial featuring Michael Jackson and a group of kids that are probably far too young to legally target for such a sugary product these days! When Pepsi wasn’t using musical celebrities, humor was their weapon of choice, again utilizing young kids in the ads. Who could forget the lovable little girl telling the bartender, â€Å"I asked for a Pepsi Pal† in the voice of the Godfather? A few hilarious advertisements of Pepsi: Coca Cola’s Brand Personality and Target Markets: Though to a degree, Coca-Cola and Pepsi have always been similar in their â€Å"fun and young† personalities, the two companies have consistently stayed on separate paths over the decades. On the whole, Pepsi has stuck with its high energy, music and comedy-driven strategy while Coke can be seen constantly gravitating towards the emotional side of branding. Coca-Cola ads depict human experience in two primary ways. First, Coca-Cola was embracing diversity. This can be clearly seen in its long-running â€Å"I’d like to buy the world a Coke† series of ads, depicting people from all over the globe joining together in Coke and song. Further, Coca-Cola has long been available in one form or another in countries all across the world and it’s even rumored to be the most recognizable brand, logo and even word on the planet. When Coca-Cola ads aren’t targeting worldwide diversity, they still possess a strong sense of community and overcoming differences and hardship through universal similarities such as a love for Coke. The second way that Coke has leveraged the human experience throughout the years is through a strong emphasis on families. They seem to know that Mom does the shopping and to get her you have to use an emotional appeal that makes Coca-Cola not only a family desire, but that is an integral part of the family’s life. This occurs all over Coca-Cola’s advertising throughout the years. Whether its an endearing scene of a father and son watching the Santa Coke truck go by or a family of polar bears consistently being brought together by Coke, the ads are aimed right at the hearts of American consumers. Comparision in tactics of Gaining Consumers: Pepsi: Changes Everything In the evolution image above of Pepsi’s logo, consumers saw Pepsi roll along with popular design trends as they introduced Photoshop-centric gradients, shadows and highlights. As with every good design trend, this was firmly rejected by the designers of the next decade. The design community’s eventual response was a full-throttle rebirth of minimalism. Every brand that made their logos look shinier in the late 90s suddenly hit command-z and started stripping their personalities through thin, sans-serif fonts and simple, solid colors By now we’re all familiar with Pepsi’s foray into this  trend. After decades of refining, they hit the Pepsi globe with the ugly stick, trashed the familiar bold typography and gave us this: Years later I still can’t muster up anything but disdain for this rebranding project. Call me old fashioned but I think Pepsi took a baseball bat to their brand heritage. Meanwhile, they made the â€Å"e† in Pepsi mirror the old logo! It might be an attempt at cleverness, but it seems indecisive. Emotional brand ties aside, consumers simply don’t see the logic behind this project. Keeping their image young and fresh is one thing, wasting millions of dollars to twist and smudge your iconic logo is another. They had a really strong and recognizable logo to revert to and rethinking it so dramatically wasn’t either necessary or effective in any way. What makes this overhaul absolutely laughable is the explanation behind it from the Arnell Group. Shortly after the rebranding went public a PDF was leaked which is amazingly nonsensical in its attempt to be sophisticated. Pepsi has since recovered from the public’s hatred of their new brand simply by trudging on. The redesign of their entire line of drinks has stuck with the exception of Sierra Mist, whose strange foggy forest design has already been abandoned for a new look that is actually quite attractive by comparison. Meanwhile, Pepsi’s overall personality has stayed pretty much the same as they continue to primarily use humor and music in their advertising. In 2011, their Super Bowl featured several humorous Pepsi Max commercials and the Pepsi website prominently features an index of â€Å"emerging artists†. The biggest brand goal change that took place with the rebranding project was the Pepsi Refresh Project, which continues on today. Through this initiative Pepsi gives grants to people with great ideas for how to improve their community. It’s an excellent project and a great direction for Pepsi. More and more, big companies are expected to use portions of their mountains of cash to make the world a better place and the Pepsi Refresh Project is doing exactly that. From this we can also see the effects of their branding in action. Notice how they consistently use the new logo as an â€Å"O† in various places. Honestly, despite rejecting the drastic change of their logo I do like the consistency of the visual direction they’ve gone in ever since. Coke Simplifies In the early 2000s, Coke underwent a process very similar to Pepsi’s rebranding project. Like Pepsi, Coca-Cola undertook a branding project that had essentially undone the clutter that had made its way into the brand identity and strip it down to a meaningful and simplified version. In a case study released by San Francisco design firm Turner Duckworth, the problem with Coke was clearly portrayed: The Turner Duckworth team responded to this problem in a drastically different way than the Arnell Group handled the Pepsi refresh (for starters, their logic actually made sense and wasn’t a bunch of circles). Arnell did in fact simplify the Pepsi brand, but in the process they redefined it into something that it has never been before. On the surface, this sounds great but as we saw, the execution felt more like a gunshot to the heart of the brand. Turner Duckworth on the other hand, didn’t attempt to redefine the most valuable brand on the planet, they simply brought it back to its roots. The result was a strengthening of the core features of the logo and product imagery. Turner Duckworth realized that the heart of the brand didn’t just lie in the logo itself but something physical that consumers had all experienced in a very real way over the years: the coke bottle. This idea of leveraging something physical is very important. We’ve all had Coca-Cola from a can, paper cup and plastic bottle before, but there’s something magically nostalgic about that old glass bottle. Not only did they apply their newly simplified look to the glass Coke bottle, they made the silhouette of that bottle the new brand hero and began using it in new and innovative ways. Below we can see the awesome Coca-Cola aluminum can bottles and the application of the Coke bottle silhouette onto other representations of the Coke brand such as paper cups and door signs.